Timeline of the Abolition Movement 1830 - 1839

The abolition of slavery began in the North American colonies in 1688 when German and Dutch Quakers published a pamphlet denouncing the practice. For more than 150 years, the abolition movement continued to evolve. By the 1830s, the abolition movement in Britain had captured the attention of African-Americans and whites who were fighting to end the institution of slavery in the United States. Evangelical Christian groups in New England became drawn to the cause of abolitionism. Radical in nature, these groups attempted to end enslavement by appealing to the conscience of its supporters by acknowledging its sinfulness in the Bible. In addition, these new abolitionists called for the immediate and complete emancipation of African-Americans—a deviation from previous abolitionist thought.   Prominent U.S. abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison  (1805–1879) said early in the 1830s, I will not equivocate...and I will be heard. Garrisons words would set the tone for the transforming abolition movement, which would continue to build steam up until the Civil War. 1829 August 17–22: Race riots in Cincinnati (white mobs against black residential areas) along with strong enforcement of Ohios Black Laws encourages African-Americans to migrate to Canada and establish free colonies. These colonies become important on the Underground Railroad. 1830 September 15: The first National Negro Convention is held in Philadelphia. The Convention brings together forty freed African-Americans. Its aim is to protect the rights of freed African-Americans in the United States. 1831 January 1: Garrison publishes the first issue of The Liberator, one of the most widely read antislavery publications. August 21–October 30: The Nat Turner Rebellion takes places in Southampton County Virginia. 1832 April 20: Freeborn African-American political activist Maria Stewart (1803–1879) begins her career as an abolitionist and feminist, by speaking before the African American Female Intelligence Society. 1833 October: The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society is formed. December 6: Garrison establishes the American Antislavery Society in Philadelphia. Within five years, the organization has more than 1300 chapters and an estimated 250,000 members. December 9: The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society is founded by Quaker minister Lucretia Mott (1793–1880) and Grace Bustill Douglass (1782–1842), among others, because women were not allowed to be full members of the AAAS. 1834 April 1: Great Britains Slavery Abolition Act takes effect, abolishing slavery in its colonies, freeing more than 800,000 enslaved Africans in the Caribbean, South Africa, and Canada. 1835 Antislavery petitions flood the offices of congressmen. These petitions are part of a campaign launched by abolitionists, and the House responds by passing the Gag Rule, automatically tabling them without consideration. Anti-slavery members including former U.S. president John Quincy Adams (1767–1848, served 1825–1829) undertake efforts to repeal it, which nearly gets Adams censured. 1836 Various abolitionist organizations rally together and sue in the Commonwealth v. Aves case about whether a slave who permanently moved to Boston with her mistress from New Orleans would be considered free. She was freed and became a ward of the court. South Carolina sisters Angelina (1805–1879) and Sarah Grimke (1792–1873) begin their careers as abolitionists, publishing tracts arguing against slavery on Christian religious grounds. 1837 May 9–12: The first Antislavery Convention of American Women gathers for the first time, in New York. This interracial association was comprised of various womens antislavery groups, and both the Grimke sisters spoke. August: The Vigilant Committee is established by abolitionist and businessman Robert Purvis (1910–1898) to help runaway slaves. November 7: Presbyterian minister and abolitionist Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1802–1837) establishes the antislavery publication, Alton Observer, after his press in St. Louis is destroyed by an angry mob. The Institute for Colored Youth is founded in Philadelphia, on a bequest from Quaker philanthropist Richard Humphreys (1750–1832); the first building will open in 1852. It is one of the earliest black colleges in the United States and is eventually renamed Cheyney University. 1838 February 21: Angelina Grimke addresses  the Massachusetts legislature concerning not only the abolition movement but also the rights of women. May 17: Philadelphia Hall is burned by an anti-abolitionist mob. September 3: Future orator and writer Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) runs away from slavery and travels to New York City. 1839 November 13: The formation of the Liberty Party is announced by abolitionists to use political action to fight against slavery. Abolitionists Lewis Tappan, Simeon Joceyln, and Joshua Leavitt form the Friends of Amistad Africans Committee to fight for the rights of Africans involved in the Amistad case.

Risk, Crisis And Disaster Management - 2407 Words

HET 301A Risk, Crisis and Disaster Management Alexandra Murray Student Number: 00066337T APM College Katherine Hawes Risk refers to the probability of something occurring that will have an effect on objectives. Disaster refers to a sudden event that disrupts a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. (IRFC, 2015) Crisis, on the other hand, is any situation which has the prospective to shake long-term confidence in an institution or a product, or that may interfere with its capability to continue normally functioning. The tourism industry is mainly comprised of the airline,†¦show more content†¦To help in mitigating some of the health risks, they obey certain health warnings in less developed countries such as Thailand and Mexico where drinking tap water is not advised. Tourists can also take part in some of the disaster preparedness practices like drills and trainings on evacuation processes. It has proved to be a very effective way of saving lives in a case of a disaster or crisis event happening in their respective accommodation areas.(Ritchie, 2008). Many tourists on holidays have proved that the use of safety material put in place by hotels has been effective. Again with the example of Thailand, most hotels will warn guests by supplying notices in rooms advising not to drink tap water at any costs and provide bottled water for guests to prevent them from becoming sick. Practices such as this have reduced various risks to tourist health like serious illness in a foreign country. It has additionally helped in a reduction in the consumption of unsafe foods and drinks which could be detrimental to their health (Ritchie, 2008). CADD Emirates has ditched the electronic key access and adopted biometric registration allowing guests to use their fingerprints to enter rooms by placing their fingers on a device. The theory is that their biometric data will be easily recognizable across other locations simplifying check in. (Trader, 2012). This system has eased the work of hotels personnel when identifying visitors, and this has been effect ive in

Recovery System Dbms Free Essays

string(95) " on data item X j X j had value V 1 before the write, and will have value V 2 after the write\." 17. Recovery System in DBMS – Presentation Transcript 1. Chapter 17: Recovery System * Failure Classification * Storage Structure * Recovery and Atomicity * Log-Based Recovery * Shadow Paging * Recovery With Concurrent Transactions * Buffer Management * Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage * Advanced Recovery Techniques * ARIES Recovery Algorithm * Remote Backup Systems 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Recovery System Dbms or any similar topic only for you Order Now Failure Classification * Transaction failure : * Logical errors : transaction cannot complete due to some internal error condition * System errors : the database system must terminate an active transaction due to an error condition (e. . , deadlock) * System crash : a power failure or other hardware or software failure causes the system to crash. * Fail-stop assumption : non-volatile storage contents are assumed to not be corrupted by system crash * Database systems have numerous integrity checks to prevent corruption of disk data * Disk failure : a head crash or similar disk failure destroys all or part of disk storage * Destruction is assumed to be detectable: disk drives use checksums to detect failures 3. Recovery Algorithms Recovery algorithms are techniques to ensure database consistency and transaction atomicity and durability despite failures * Focus of this chapter * Recovery algorithms have two parts * Actions taken during normal transaction processing to ensure enough inf ormation exists to recover from failures * Actions taken after a failure to recover the database contents to a state that ensures atomicity, consistency and durability 4. Storage Structure * Volatile storage : * does not survive system crashes * examples: main memory, cache memory * Nonvolatile storage : survives system crashes * examples: disk, tape, flash memory, non-volatile (battery backed up) RAM * Stable storage : * a mythical form of storage that survives all failures * approximated by maintaining multiple copies on distinct nonvolatile media 5. Stable-Storage Implementation * Maintain multiple copies of each block on separate disks * copies can be at remote sites to protect against disasters such as fire or flooding. * Failure during data transfer can still result in inconsistent copies: Block transfer can result in * Successful completion Partial failure: destination block has incorrect information * Total failure: destination block was never updated * Protecting storage me dia from failure during data transfer (one solution): * Execute output operation as follows (assuming two copies of each block): * Write the information onto the first physical block. * When the first write successfully completes, write the same information onto the second physical block. * The output is completed only after the second write successfully completes. 6. Stable-Storage Implementation (Cont. ) * Protecting storage media from failure during data transfer (cont. ): * Copies of a block may differ due to failure during output operation. To recover from failure: * First find inconsistent blocks: * Expensive solution : Compare the two copies of every disk block. * Better solution : * Record in-progress disk writes on non-volatile storage (Non-volatile RAM or special area of disk). * Use this information during recovery to find blocks that may be inconsistent, and only compare copies of these. Used in hardware RAID systems * If either copy of an inconsistent block is detected to have an error (bad checksum), overwrite it by the other copy. If both have no error, but are different, overwrite the second block by the first block. 7. Data Access * Physical blocks are those blocks residing on the disk. * Buffer blocks are the blocks residing temporarily in main memory. * Block movements between disk and main memory are initiated through the follo wing two operations: * input ( B ) transfers the physical block B to main memory. output ( B ) transfers the buffer block B to the disk, and replaces the appropriate physical block there. * Each transaction T i has its private work-area in which local copies of all data items accessed and updated by it are kept. * T i ‘s local copy of a data item X is called x i . * We assume, for simplicity, that each data item fits in, and is stored inside, a single block. 8. Data Access (Cont. ) * Transaction transfers data items between system buffer blocks and its private work-area using the following operations : * read ( X ) assigns the value of data item X to the local variable x i . write ( X ) assigns the value of local variable x i to data item { X } in the buffer block. * both these commands may necessitate the issue of an input (B X ) instruction before the assignment, if the block B X in which X resides is not already in memory. * Transactions * Perform read ( X ) while accessing X for the first time; * All subsequent accesses are to the local copy. * After last access, transaction executes write ( X ). * output ( B X ) need not immediately follow write ( X ). System can perform the output operation when it deems fit. 9. Example of Data Access x Y A B x 1 y 1 buffer Buffer Block A Buffer Block B input(A) output(B) read(X) write(Y) disk work area of T 1 work area of T 2 memory x 2 10. Recovery and Atomicity * Modifying the database without ensuring that the transaction will commit may leave the database in an inconsistent state. * Consider transaction T i that transfers $50 from account A to account B ; goal is either to perform all database modifications made by T i or none at all. Several output operations may be required for T i (to output A and B ). A failure may occur after one of these modifications have been made but before all of them are made. 11. Recovery and Atomicity (Cont. ) * To ensure atomicity despite failures, we first output information describing the modifications to stable storage without modifying the database itself. * We study two approaches: * log-based recovery , and * shadow-paging * We assume (initially) that tran sactions run serially, that is, one after the other. 12. Log-Based Recovery A log is kept on stable storage. * The log is a sequence of log records , and maintains a record of update activities on the database. * When transaction T i starts, it registers itself by writing a ;T i start ;log record * Before T i executes write ( X ), a log record ;T i , X, V 1 , V 2 ; is written, where V 1 is the value of X before the write, and V 2 is the value to be written to X . * Log record notes that T i has performed a write on data item X j X j had value V 1 before the write, and will have value V 2 after the write. You read "Recovery System Dbms" in category "Essay examples" When T i finishes it last statement, the log record ; T i commi t; is written. * We assume for now that log records are written directly to stable storage (that is, they are not buffered) * Two approaches using logs * Deferred database modification * Immediate database modification 13. Deferred Database Modification * The deferred database modification scheme records all modifications to the log, but defers all the write s to after partial commit. * Assume that transactions execute serially Transaction starts by writing ;T i start ; record to log. * A write ( X ) operation results in a log record ;T i , X, V; being written, where V is the new value for X * Note: old value is not needed for this scheme * The write is not performed on X at this time, but is deferred. * When T i partially commits, ; T i commit ; is written to the log * Finally, the log records are read and used to actually execute the previously deferred writes. 14. Deferred Database Modification (Cont. ) During recovery after a crash, a transaction needs to be redone if and only if both ;T i start ; and; T i commit ; are there in the log. * Redoing a transaction T i ( redo T i ) sets the value of all data items updated by the transaction to the new values. * Crashes can occur while * the transaction is executing the original updates, o r * while recovery action is being taken * example transactions T 0 and T 1 ( T 0 executes before T 1 ): * T 0 : read ( A ) T 1 : read ( C ) * A: – A – 50 C:- C- 100 Write ( A ) write ( C ) * read ( B ) * B:- B + 50 * write ( B ) 15. Deferred Database Modification (Cont. ) * Below we show the log as it appears at three instances of time. * If log on stable storage at time of crash is as in case: * (a) No redo actions need to be taken * (b) redo( T 0 ) must be performed since ; T 0 commi t; is present * (c) redo ( T 0 ) must be performed followed by redo( T 1 ) since * ; T 0 commit ; and ; T i commit; are present 16. Immediate Database Modification The immediate database modification scheme allows database updates of an uncommitted transaction to be made as the writes are issued * since undoing may be needed, update logs must have both old value and new value * Update log record must be written before database item is written * We assume that the log record is output di rectly to stable storage * Can be extended to postpone log record output, so long as prior to execution of an output ( B ) operation for a data block B, all log records corresponding to items B must be flushed to stable storage * Output of updated blocks can take place at any time before or after transaction commit * Order in which blocks are output can be different from the order in which they are written. 17. Immediate Database Modification Example * Log Write Output * ; T 0 start ; ; T 0 , A, 1000, 950; * T o , B, 2000, 2050 * A = 950 * B = 2050 * ; T 0 commit ; * ; T 1 start ; * ; T 1 , C, 700, 600; * C = 600 * B B , B C * ; T 1 commit ; * B A * Note: B X denotes block containing X . x 1 18. Immediate Database Modification (Cont. ) * Recovery procedure has two operations instead of one: * undo ( T i ) restores the value of all data items updated by T i to their old values, going backwards from the last log record for T i * redo ( T i ) sets the value of all data items updated by T i to the new values, going forward from the first log record for T i * Both operations must be idempotent That is, even if the operation is executed multiple times the effect is the same as if it is executed once * Needed since operations may get re-executed during recovery * When recovering after failure: * Transaction T i needs to be undone if the log contains the record ;T i start ; , but does not contain the record ;T i commit ; . * Transaction T i needs to be redone if the log contains both the record ;T i start ; and the record ;T i commit ; . * Undo operations are performed first, then redo operations. 19. Immediate DB Modification Recovery Example * Below we show the log as it appears at three instances of time. * Recovery actions in each case above are: * (a) undo ( T 0 ): B is restored to 2000 and A to 1000. (b) undo ( T 1 ) and redo ( T 0 ): C is restored to 700, and then A and B are * set to 950 and 2050 respectively. * (c) redo ( T 0 ) and redo ( T 1 ): A and B are s et to 950 and 2050 * respectively. Then C is set to 600 20. Checkpoints * Problems in recovery procedure as discussed earlier : * searching the entire log is time-consuming * we might unnecessarily redo transactions which have already * output their updates to the database. * Streamline recovery procedure by periodically performing checkpointing * Output all log records currently residing in main memory onto stable storage. * Output all modified buffer blocks to the disk. * Write a log record ; checkpoint ; onto stable storage. 1. Checkpoints (Cont. ) * During recovery we need to consider only the most recent transaction T i that started before the checkpoint, and transactions that started after T i . * Scan backwards from end of log to find the most recent ; checkpoint ; record * Continue scanning backwards till a record ;T i start ; is found. * Need only consider the part of log following above star t record. Earlier part of log can be ignored during recovery, and can be erased wh enever desired. * For all transactions (starting from T i or later) with no ;T i commit ; , execute undo ( T i ). (Done only in case of immediate modification. * Scanning forward in the log, for all transactions starting from T i or later with a ;T i commit ; , execute redo ( T i ). 22. Example of Checkpoints * T 1 can be ignored (updates already output to disk due to checkpoint) * T 2 and T 3 redone. * T 4 undone T c T f T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 checkpoint system failure 23. Shadow Paging * Shadow paging is an alternative to log-based recovery; this scheme is useful if transactions execute serially * Idea: maintain two page tables during the lifetime of a transaction –the current page table , and the shadow page table * Store the shadow page table in nonvolatile storage, such that state of the database prior to transaction execution may be recovered. Shadow page table is never modified during execution * To start with, both the page tables are identical. Only current page table is us ed for data item accesses during execution of the transaction. * Whenever any page is about to be written for the first time * A copy of this page is made onto an unused page. * The current page table is then made to point to the copy * The update is performed on the copy 24. Sample Page Table 25. Example of Shadow Paging Shadow and current page tables after write to page 4 26. Shadow Paging (Cont. ) * To commit a transaction : * 1. Flush all modified pages in main memory to disk * 2. Output current page table to disk * 3. Make the current page table the new shadow page table, as follows: * keep a pointer to the shadow page table at a fixed (known) location on disk. * to make the current page table the new shadow page table, simply update the pointer to point to current page table on disk * Once pointer to shadow page table has been written, transaction is committed. * No recovery is needed after a crash — new transactions can start right away, using the shadow page table. * Pages not pointed to from current/shadow page table should be freed (garbage collected). 27. Show Paging (Cont. ) * Advantages of shadow-paging over log-based schemes * no overhead of writing log records * recovery is trivial * Disadvantages : * Copying the entire page table is very expensive Can be reduced by using a page table structured like a B + -tree * No need to copy entire tree, only need to copy paths in the tree that lead to updated leaf nodes * Commit overhead is high even with above extension * Need to flush ever y updated page, and page table * Data gets fragmented (related pages get separated on disk) * After every transaction completion, the database pages containing old versions of modified data need to be garbage collected * Hard to extend algorithm to allow transactions to run concurrently * Easier to extend log based schemes 28. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions * We modify the log-based recovery schemes to allow multiple transactions to execute concurrently. * All transactions share a single disk buffer and a single log * A buffer block can have data items updated by one or more transactions * We assume concurrency control using strict two-phase locking; * i. e. the updates of uncommitted transactions should not be visible to other transactions * Otherwise how to perform undo if T1 updates A, then T2 updates A and commits, and finally T1 has to abort? * Logging is done as described earlier. Log records of different transactions may be interspersed in the log. * The checkpointing technique and actions taken on recovery have to be changed * since several transactions may be active when a checkpoint is performed. 29. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions (Cont. ) * Checkpoints are performed as before, except that the checkpoint log record is now of the form ; checkpoint L ; where L is the list of transactions active at the time of the checkpoint * We assume no updates are in progress while the checkpoint is carried out (will relax this later) * When the system recovers from a crash, it first does the following: * Initialize undo-list and redo-list to empty Scan the log backwards from the end, stopping when the first ; checkpoint L ; record is found. For each record found during the backward scan: * if the record is ; T i commit ;, add T i to redo-list * if the record is ; T i start ;, then if T i is not in redo-list , add T i to undo-list * For every T i in L , if T i is not in redo-list , add T i to undo-list 30. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions (Cont. ) * At this point undo-list consists of incomplete transactions which must be undone, and redo-list consists of finished transactions that must be redone. * Recovery now continues as follows: Scan log backwards from most recent record, stopping when ; T i start ; records have been encountered for every T i in undo-list . * During the scan, perform undo for each log record that belongs to a transaction in undo-list . * Locate the most recent ; checkpoint L ; record. * Scan log forwards from the ; checkpoint L ; record till the end of the log. * During the scan, perform redo for each log record that belongs to a transaction on redo-list 31. Example of Recovery * Go over the steps of the recovery algorithm on the following log: * ; T 0 star t; * ; T 0 , A , 0, 10; * ; T 0 commit ; * ; T 1 start ; * ; T 1 , B , 0, 10; ; T 2 start ; /* Scan in Step 4 stops here */ * ; T 2 , C , 0, 10; * ; T 2 , C , 10, 20; * ;checkpoint { T 1 , T 2 }; * ; T 3 start ; * ; T 3 , A , 10, 20; * ; T 3 , D , 0, 10; * ; T 3 commit ; 32. Log Record Buffering * Log record buffering : log records are buffered in main memory, instead of of being output directly to stable storage. * Log records are output to stable storage when a block of log records in the buffer is full, or a log force operation is executed. * Log force is performed to commit a transaction by forcing all its log records (including the commit record) to stable storage. Several log records can thus be output using a single output operation, reducing the I/O cost. 33. Log Record Buffering (Cont. ) * The rules below must be followed if log records are buffered: * Log records are output to stable storage in the order in which they are created. * Transaction T i enters the commit state only when the log record ; T i commit ; has been output to stable storage. * Before a block of data in main memory is output to the database, all log records pertaining to data in that block must have been output to stable storage. * This rule is cal led the write-ahead logging or WAL rule * Strictly speaking WAL only requires undo information to be output 34. Database Buffering Database maintains an in-memory buffer of data blocks * When a new block is needed, if buffer is full an existing block needs to be removed from buffer * If the block chosen for removal has been updated, it must be output to disk * As a result of the write-ahead logging rule, if a block with uncommitted updates is output to disk, log records with undo information for the updates are output to the log on stable storage first. * No updates should be in progress on a block when it is output to disk. Can be ensured as follows. * Before writing a data item, transaction acquires exclusive lock on block containing the data item * Lock can be released once the write is completed. * Such locks held for short duration are called latches . Before a block is output to disk, the system acquires an exclusive latch on the block * Ensures no update can be in progress on the block 35. Buffer Management (Cont. ) * Database buffer can be implemented either * in an area of real main-memory reserved for the database, or * in virtual memory * Implementing buffer in reserved main-memory has drawbacks: * Memory is partitioned before-hand between database buffer and applications, limiting flexibility. * Needs may change, and although operating system knows best how memory should be divided up at any time, it cannot change the partitioning of memory. 36. Buffer Management (Cont. ) Database buffers are generally implemented in virtual memory in spite of some drawbacks: * When operating system needs to evict a page that has been modified, to make space for another page, the page is written to swap space on disk. * When database decides to write buffer page to disk, buffer page may be in swap space, and may have to be read from swap space on disk and output to the database on disk, resulting in extra I/O! * Known as dual paging problem. * Ideally when swapping out a database buffer page, operating system should pass control to database, which in turn outputs page to database instead of to swap space (making sure to output log records first) * Dual paging can thus be avoided, but common operating systems do not support such functionality. 37. Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage So far we assumed no loss of non-volatile storage * Technique similar to checkpointing used to deal with loss of non-volatile storage * Periodically dump the entire content of the database to stable storage * No transaction may be active during the dump procedure; a procedure similar to checkpointing must take place * Output all log records currently residing in main memory onto stable storage. * Output all buffer blocks onto the disk. * Copy the contents of the database to stable storage. * Output a record ; dump ; to log on stable storage. * To recover from disk failure * restore database from most recent dump. Consult the log and redo all transactions that committed after the dump * Can be extended to allow transactions to be active during dump; known as fuzzy dump or online dump * Will study fuzzy checkpointing later 38. Advanced Recovery Algorithm 39. Advanced Recovery Techniques * Support high-concurrency locking techniques, such as those used for B + -tree concurrency control * Operations like B + -tree insertions and deletions release locks early. * They cannot be undone by restoring old values ( physical undo ), since once a lock is released, other transactions may have updated the B + -tree. * Instead, insertions (resp. eletions) are undone by executing a deletion (resp. insertion) operation (known as logical undo ). * For such operations, undo log records should contain the undo operation to be executed * called logical undo logging , in contrast to physical undo logging . * Redo information is logged physically (that is, new value for each write) even for such operations * Logical redo is very complicated since database state on disk may not be â€Å"operation consistent† 40. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Operation logging is done as follows: * When operation starts, log ; T i , O j , operation-begin ;. Here O j is a unique identifier of the operation instance. While operation is executing, normal log records with physical redo and physical undo information are logged. * When operation completes, ; T i , O j , operation-end , U; is logged, where U contains information needed to perform a logical undo information. * If crash/rollback occurs before operation completes: * the operation-end log record is not found, and * the physical undo information is used to undo operation. * If crash/rollback occurs after the operation completes: * the operation-end log record is found, and in this case * logical undo is performed using U ; the physical undo information for the operation is ignored. Redo of operation (after crash) still uses physical redo information . 41. Advanced Recovery Techniques ( Cont. ) * Rollback of transaction T i is done as follows: * Scan the log backwards * If a log record ; T i , X, V 1 , V 2 ; is found, perform the undo and log a special redo-only log record ; T i , X, V 1 ;. * If a ; T i , O j , operation-end , U ; record is found * Rollback the operation logically using the undo information U . * Updates performed during roll back are logged just like during normal operation execution. * At the end of the operation rollback, instead of logging an operation-end record, generate a record * ; T i , O j , operation-abort ;. Skip all preceding log records for T i until the record ; T i , O j operation-begin ; is found 42. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Scan the log backwards (cont. ): * If a redo-only record is found ignore it * If a ; T i , O j , operation-abort ; record is found: * skip all preceding log records for T i until the record ; T i , O j , operation-begi n; is found. * Stop the scan when the record ; T i , start; is found * Add a ; T i , abort ; record to the log * Some points to note: * Cases 3 and 4 above can occur only if the database crashes while a transaction is being rolled back. Skipping of log records as in case 4 is important to prevent multiple rollback of the same operation. 43. Advanced Recovery Techniques(Cont,) * The following actions are taken when recovering from system crash * Scan log forward from last ; checkpoint L ; record * Repeat history by physically redoing all updates of all transactions, * Create an undo-list during the scan as follows * undo-list is set to L initially * Whenever ; T i start ; is found T i is added to undo-list * Whenever ; T i commit ; or ; T i abort ; is found, T i is deleted from undo-list * This brings database to state as of crash, with committed as well as uncommitted transactions having been redone. Now undo-list contains transactions that are incomplete , that is, have neither committed nor been fully rolled back. 44. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Recovery from system crash (cont. ) * Scan log backwards, performing undo on log records of transactions found in undo-list . * Transactions are rolled back as described earlier. * When ; T i start ; is found for a transaction T i in undo-list , write a ; T i abort ; log record. * Stop scan when ; T i start ; records have been found for all T i in undo-list * This undoes the effects of incomplete transactions (those with neither commit nor abort log records). Recovery is now complete. 45. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Checkpointing is done as follows: Output all log records in memory to stable storage * Output to disk all modified buffer blocks * Output to log on stable storage a ; checkpoint L ; record. * Transactions are not allowed to perform any actions while checkpointing is in progress. * Fuzzy checkpointing allows transactions to progress while the most time consuming parts of checkpointing are in progress * Performed as described on next slide 46. Advanced Recover y Techniques (Cont. ) * Fuzzy checkpointing is done as follows: * Temporarily stop all updates by transactions * Write a ; checkpoint L ; log record and force log to stable storage * Note list M of modified buffer blocks Now permit transactions to proceed with their actions * Output to disk all modified buffer blocks in list M * blocks should not be updated while being output * Follow WAL: all log records pertaining to a block must be output before the block is output * Store a pointer to the checkpoint record in a fixed position last _ checkpoint on disk * When recovering using a fuzzy checkpoint, start scan from the checkpoint record pointed to by last _ checkpoint * Log records before last _ checkpoint have their updates reflected in database on disk, and need not be redone. * Incomplete checkpoints, where system had crashed while performing checkpoint, are handled safely 47. ARIES Recovery Algorithm 48. ARIES * ARIES is a state of the art recovery method * Incorporates numerous optimizations to reduce overheads during normal processing and to speed up recovery * The â€Å"advanced recovery algorithm† we studied earlier is modeled after ARIES, but greatly simplified by removing optimizations * Unlike the advanced recovery lgorithm, ARIES * Uses log sequence number (LSN) to identify log records * Stores LSNs in pages to identify what updates have already been applied to a database page * Physiological redo * Dirty page table to avoid unnecessary redos during recovery * Fuzzy checkpointing that only records information about dirty pages, and does not require dirty pages to be written out at checkpoint time * More coming up on each of the above †¦ 49. ARIES Optimizations * Physiological redo * Affected page is physically identified, action within page can be logical * Used to reduce logging overheads * e. g. hen a record is deleted and all other records have to be moved to fill hole * Physiological redo can log just the record deletion * Physical r edo would require logging of old and new values for much of the page * Requires page to be output to disk atomically * Easy to achieve with hardware RAID, also supported by some disk systems * Incomplete page output can be detected by checksum techniques, * But extra actions are required for recovery * Treated as a media failure 50. ARIES Data Structures * Log sequence number (LSN) identifies each log record * Must be sequentially increasing * Typically an offset from beginning of log file to allow fast access * Easily extended to handle multiple log files Each page contains a PageLSN which is the LSN of the last log record whose effects are reflected on the page * To update a page: * X-latch the pag, and write the log record * Update the page * Record the LSN of the log record in PageLSN * Unlock page * Page flush to disk S-latches page * Thus page state on disk is operation consistent * Required to support physiological redo * PageLSN is used during recovery to prevent repeated re do * Thus ensuring idempotence 51. ARIES Data Structures (Cont. ) * Each log record contains LSN of previous log record of the same transaction * LSN in log record may be implicit Special redo-only log record called compensation log record (CLR) used to log actions taken during recovery that never need to be undone * Also serve the role of operation-abort log records used in advanced recovery algorithm * Have a field UndoNextLSN to note next (earlier) record to be undone * Records in between would have already been undone * Required to avoid repeated undo of already undone actions LSN TransId PrevLSN RedoInfo UndoInfo LSN TransID UndoNextLSN RedoInfo 52. ARIES Data Structures (Cont. ) * DirtyPageTable * List of pages in the buffer that have been updated * Contains, for each such page * PageLSN of the page RecLSN is an LSN such that log records before this LSN have already been applied to the page version on disk * Set to current end of log when a page is inserted into dirty page tab le (just before being updated) * Recorded in checkpoints, helps to minimize redo work * Checkpoint log record * Contains: * DirtyPageTable and list of active transactions * For each active transaction, LastLSN, the LSN of the last log record written by the transaction * Fixed position on disk notes LSN of last completed checkpoint log record 53. ARIES Recovery Algorithm * ARIES recovery involves three passes * Analysis pass : Determines Which transactions to undo * Which pages were dirty (disk version not up to date) at time of crash * RedoLSN : LSN from which redo should start * Redo pass : * Repeats history, redoing all actions from RedoLSN * RecLSN and PageLSNs are used to avoid redoing actions already reflected on page * Undo pass : * Rolls back all incomplete transactions * Transactions whose abort was complete earlier are not undone * Key idea: no need to undo these transactions: earlier undo actions were logged, and are redone as required 54. ARIES Recovery: Analysis * Analys is pass * Starts from last complete checkpoint log record Reads in DirtyPageTable from log record * Sets RedoLSN = min of RecLSNs of all pages in DirtyPageTable * In case no pages are dirty, RedoLSN = checkpoint record’s LSN * Sets undo-list = list of transactions in checkpoint log record * Reads LSN of last log record for each transaction in undo-list from checkpoint log record * Scans forward from checkpoint * .. On next page †¦ 55. ARIES Recovery: Analysis (Cont. ) * Analysis pass (cont. ) * Scans forward from checkpoint * If any log record found for transaction not in undo-list, adds transaction to undo-list * Whenever an update log record is found If page is not in DirtyPageTable, it is added with RecLSN set to LSN of the update log record * If transaction end log record found, delete transaction from undo-list * Keeps track of last log record for each transaction in undo-list * May be needed for later undo * At end of analysis pass: * RedoLSN determines where to st art redo pass * RecLSN for each page in DirtyPageTable used to minimize redo work * All transactions in undo-list need to be rolled back 56. ARIES Redo Pass * Redo Pass: Repeats history by replaying every action not already reflected in the page on disk, as follows: * Scans forward from RedoLSN. Whenever an update log record is found: * If the page is not in DirtyPageTable or the LSN of the log record is less than the RecLSN of the page in DirtyPageTable, then skip the log record * Otherwise fetch the page from disk. If the PageLSN of the page fetched from disk is less than the LSN of the log record, redo the log record * NOTE: if either test is negative the effects of the log record have already appeared on the page. First test avoids even fetching the page from disk! 57. ARIES Undo Actions * When an undo is performed for an update log record * Generate a CLR containing the undo action performed (actions performed during undo are logged physicaly or physiologically). * CLR for record n noted as n ’ in figure below * Set UndoNextLSN of the CLR to the PrevLSN value of the update log record * Arrows indicate UndoNextLSN value * ARIES supports partial rollback * Used e. g. o handle deadlocks by rolling back just enough to release reqd. locks * Figure indicates forward actions after partial rollbacks * records 3 and 4 initially, later 5 and 6, then full rollback 1 2 3 4 4†² 3†² 5 6 5†² 2†² 1†² 6†² 58. ARIES: Undo Pass * Undo pass * Performs backward scan on log un doing all transaction in undo-list * Backward scan optimized by skipping unneeded log records as follows: * Next LSN to be undone for each transaction set to LSN of last log record for transaction found by analysis pass. * At each step pick largest of these LSNs to undo, skip back to it and undo it * After undoing a log record For ordinary log records, set next LSN to be undone for transaction to PrevLSN noted in the log record * For compensation log records (CLRs) set next LSN to be undo to UndoNextLSN noted in the log record * All intervening records are skipped since they would have been undo already * Undos performed as described earlier 59. Other ARIES Features * Recovery Independence * Pages can be recovered independently of others * E. g. if some disk pages fail they can be recovered from a backup while other pages are being used * Savepoints: * Transactions can record savepoints and roll back to a savepoint * Useful for complex transactions Also used to rollback just enough to release locks on deadlock 60. Other ARIES Features (Cont. ) * Fine-grained locking: * Index concurrency algorithms that permit tuple level locking on indices can be used * These require logical undo, rather than physical undo, as in advanced recovery algorithm * Recovery optimizations: For example: * Dirty page table can be used to prefetch pages during redo * Out of order redo is possible: * redo can be postponed on a page being fetched from disk, and performed when page is fetched. * Meanwhile other log records can continue to be processed 61. Remote Backup Systems 62. Remote Backup Systems Remote backup systems provide high availability by allowing transaction processing to continue even if the primary site is destroyed. 63. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Detection of failure : Backup site must detect when primary site has failed * to distinguish primary site failure from link failure maintain several communication links between the primary and the remote backup. * Transfer of control : * To take over control backup site first perform recovery using its copy of the database and all the long records it has received from the primary. * Thus, completed transactions are redone and incomplete transactions are rolled back. When the backup site takes over processing it becomes the new primary * To transfer control back to old primary when it recovers, old primary must receive redo logs from the old backup and apply all updates locally. 64. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Time to recover : To reduce delay in takeover, backup site periodically proceses the redo log records (in effect, performing recovery from previous database state), performs a checkpoint, and can then delete earlier parts of the log. * Hot-Spare configuration permits very fast takeover: * Backup continually processes redo log record as they arrive, applying the updates locally. When failure of the primary is detected the backup rolls back incomplete transactions, and is ready to process new transactions. * Alternative to remote backup: distributed database with replicated data * Remote backup is faster and cheaper, but less tolerant to failure * more on this in Chapter 19 65. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Ensure durability of updates by delaying transaction commit until update is logged at backup; avoid this delay by permitting lower degrees of durability. * One-safe: commit as soon as transaction’s commit log record is written at primary * Problem: updates may not arrive at backup before it takes over. Two-very-safe: commit when transaction’s commit log record is written at primary and backup * Reduces availability since transactions cannot commit if either site fails. * Two-safe: proceed as in two-very-safe if both primary and backup are active. If only the primary is active, the transaction commits as soon as is commit log record is written at the primary. * Better availability than two-very-safe; avoids problem of lost transactions in one-safe. 66. End of Chapter 67. Block Storage Operations 68. Portion of the Database Log Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 69. State of the Log and Database Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 70. Portion of the System Log Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 71. State of System Log and Database Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 How to cite Recovery System Dbms, Essay examples

Foundation Management for Technological Advancements

Question: Discusss about theFoundation Management for Technological Advancements. Answer: Introduction The management of an organisation is not a sole or an individual work rather it is more of a group work with numerous practices and policies that helps in effective organisational management. In the historically developed business organizations, there was no specific focus upon the management aspect and all the organisations were managed on a common basis. But due to increased technological advancements, modernization and expansion of economies, there is also a diverse need of the employees and the organisations. And to manage these diversification of needs, there has been performed a wide research to evolve several innovative practices and approaches for sound organisational management (Mazur, 2010). It has been researched and evaluated by hundreds of researchers that There is only one best way to manage. The extensive literature possesses both supportive as well as argumentative discussion on the aspect of managing things in a single way. The various frameworks, theories and models have been framed for discussing the aspect in an in-depth manner. The following essay will highlight both the arguments as well as supportive discussions in respect with the statement through a thorough discussion and critical analysis. There is only one best way to manage As per the notion developed by Weber in his theory of bureaucracy, the statement is very much true that there is only a single way of managing the organisations. According to this theory, to manage an organisation, the managers are required to have a bureaucratic rule in the organisations (Scott and Davis, 2015). The bureaucratic rule can be explained as a set organisational structure which comprises of aspects such as increased number of policies and rules, set procedures, division of labor, specific responsibilities, clear hierarchies and standardized requirements. Organisations following bureaucratic approach are required to have a parallel approach for organisational management and workforce management. According to Weber, it is necessary to follow bureaucratic approach in large scale business association for organizational management to have effectiveness (Cummings and Bridgman, 2011). Another theory that supports the statement is the administrative management theory developed by authors named Luther Gulick, Henry Fayol and James Mooney (Wren, Bedeian and Breeze, 2002). The authors states that for designing, structuring and managing an organisation, there is a set and already established approach. The theorists explained atht there is one formal way or structure of administering the organisations. There is formal delegation of the responsibilities and the authorities and the responsibilities of all the employees and organisational members are already determined. This theory was also implied in past when the organisations do not emphasis on the diverse needs of management (Sapru, 2013). Scientific management theory is one more theory that supports the aspect that organisational management is possible by a single way only. It is well recognized theory which is also called as Taylorism due to its foundation by worldwide renowned management consultant Frederick Taylor (Waring, 2016). As per the views of Taylor, all the organizations have certain similar aspects that comprises of elements such as efficiency, increased level of production and the highly standardized products. Earlier the organisations tend to have standardized products and to achieve a permanent level of productivity, the organisations tend to take use of a single approach of management (Smith and Lewis, 2011). The next key theory that supports the statement is the legitimacy theory. According to the theory of legitimacy, there are few regulation and laws that govern all the organisational practices. There also exists some socially established norms, culture and values and the organisational practices must be parallel to them. And because of this, it is analyzed and stated by the theorists that the organisations must be managed in one way only (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis, 2015). The researchers supporting the statement have analyzed that if there will be taken use of different approaches or ways for managing the organisation then there will be gathered differentiated results in terms of efficiency, quality and standards. Hence, they support that there should only be one way to manage things. In oppose to the above discussed supporting discussions to the statement, there are few of the approaches and the theories that significantly believes that there is a vast need of diversification and multiple ways to manage an organisation in the most effective manner. In current scenario, the organisational have diverse workforces that are culturally diverse and to manage them effectively, it is necessary to take use of diverse set of management approaches. The human resource are the most valuable organisational assets and it is important to manage them in a more improved and satisfactory way. With the increased level of globalization, the large scales as well as several other multinational organizations have farmed their individual practices and ways of managing the organisation and the workforce (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). This has also resulted in immense success of the organisation both in terms of employee engagement and organizational effectiveness. In the culturally diverse organisations, there is a need to have diverse set of strategies for the faster accomplishment of the set targets and goals. According to the contingency theory, it is demonstrated that the organizations cannot be managed by a single way as there are diverse set of situations that take place in an organisation. The managers are required to take decisions on the basis of both the external as well as the internal environment (Greenwood and Miller, 2010). Depends upon the various circumstances and the unexpected situations, the organisational managers are required to have a contingency approach towards the management. The organisations are different in nature and so their business environment. Thus, it is essential that for managing the situations, diverse set of strategies and approaches are required in an organisation and taking use of a single way is not feasible for managing all types of organizations and all sorts of situations. The diversity in an organisation can be analyzed in number of aspects such as global or domestic operations, types of operations and functions, operational scale and number of em ployees (Mikes and Kaplan, 2013). All such elements play a significant role in shaping the organisational management approach and the organisational structure. Thus, all the organizations cannot possess a similar organisational structure and thus to manage each organisation in the most efficient manner there is a need to have a diverse set of management approaches and practices rather than believing on a single way of management. One of the key factor that compel the organizations to take use of different ways of management is the organisational employees as because of the impacts of expansion of businesses and globalization there has been observed increase level of cultural diversity in the employees. Due to presence of various diverse cultural groups, the organisations have to make extra efforts for achieve effective organisational management (Mazur, 2010). The kind of employees an organisation holds, the strategies and the management approaches are framed in that manner so that increased level of productivity could be attained. Managing diverse set of employees by a single way will lead to dissatisfaction of the employees needs which will impact the organisational productivity and efficiency in a negative aspect. Thus, in the organisations, where there are increased numbers of culturally diverse employees, it is necessary to have sound and effective ways of managing the organisations as per the needs and r equirements (Podsiadlowski, et al., 2013). In such a dynamic business world, the demand for flexible approaches and models are rising with a rapid rate. In the past few decades, when organisational management was not a much widened approach, the managers used to have a rigid way of managing all eth activities in regards with business operations, management or workforce. But this has resulted in a sterner environment for the employees to work in and thus, the motivation level of the employees started decreasing. In the more flexible management approach, the organisational employees feel satisfied as well as work freely and achieve increased level of motivation to work in an efficient manner with high level of engagement. By taking use of innovative and diverse organisational management practices, there can be gained more efficient performance as well as faster resolution of the issues and challenges (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015). Conclusion In a globalised and dynamic world, the needs of the organizations and the employees are also changing. Because of carrying on with the historical practices and management approaches, there are several organisations that are slowing their success and growth. In the past, organisations used to work on the aspect of managing things with a single way which is considered as the most appropriate way of management. But now the organisations have changed and are working on the concept of managing with a correct way. From the overall analysis, it can be stated that from the vast literature, there has been identified number of approaches and theories that supports the aspect of one best way to manage. But those models were sound to be more relevant from historical perspectives only as with increased level of modernization of the businesses, there is an extensive need to adopt a contingency approach in organisational management. It is essential because with innovative and diverse way of managin g things there will be increased level of employee motivations, improved productivity, decreased employee turnover and extended business reach. Hence, the organisation must work upon a corrective way rather than carrying on with the old and paradox ways of management. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Cummings, S. and Bridgman, T., 2011. The relevant past: Why the history of management should be critical for our future.Academy of Management Learning Education,10(1), pp.77-93. Greenwood, R. and Miller, D., 2010. Tackling design anew: Getting back to the heart of organizational theory.The Academy of Management Perspectives,24(4), pp.78-88. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015.Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. Mazur, B., 2010. Cultural diversity in organisational theory and practice.Journal of Intercultural Management,2(2), pp.5-15. Mikes, A. and Kaplan, R.S., 2013. Towards a contingency theory of enterprise risk management. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and Van Der Zee, K., 2013. Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.159-175. Sapru, R.K., 2013.Administrative theories and management thought. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Smith, W.K. and Lewis, M.W., 2011. Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing.Academy of management Review,36(2), pp.381-403. Waring, S.P., 2016.Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books. Wren, D.A., Bedeian, A.G. and Breeze, J.D., 2002. The foundations of Henri Fayols administrative theory.Management Decision,40(9), pp.906-918.

Using workplace conflict to good effect

The Purpose of the Magna Carta essays

The Purpose of the Magna Carta essays The penning of the Magna Carta, (Great Charter), was birthed from an angry peoples desire to limit the power of a despotic king. The charter established a standard to which even the king was held, and would be a foundation for future nations and their governments. In 1199, the King of England, Richard, died. He left behind no established heir to the throne but the candidates were either Arthur of Brittany or John, and since Arthur was only nine at the time, the people opted for John. King Richard left behind a mass of property, particularly in Aquitaine, England, Ireland, and Normandy. When John took the crown he faced many problems, for example the communications system was slow and dangerous. Thanks to that system, however, the king was alerted of the new French king, Phillip Augustus, plan to attack Johns property in France, and he was able to react. King Phillip was resentful of John, because he felt that Arthur should have gotten the crown. Problems escalated when King John broke the feudal law by marrying an heiress who was already engaged to one of his vassals. The heiress appealed to the French King and set a trial but when King John refused, he was ordered to forfeit all of his property in France. The inevitable war started in 1202. The King of England wouldnt stay with a decisive military plan and ended up losing all of his property in Normandy and the support of all his barons and nobles when, in a drunken fit, he murdered Arthur of Brittany. Over the next ten years, he created a lot of contention with the countries around him, and even within his own people. Beginning when John first took the crown, an accumulation of things led up to an inevitable disaster. He was involved in many various quarrels with the barons and plots to overthrow the king were circulating. His battle against Phillip Augusus also caused problems, and in the end, the odds were stacked against him. The final straw was whe...

Institutional investor double standards led to 'new economy' Essay

Institutional investor double standards led to 'new economy' businesses receiving near limitless funding for investment whil - Essay Example This current scenario appears to point to a deep change in the way investment institutions think with shifts from traditional approaches and a new economy. However, it is not a certainty that these new economy businesses will lead to an economic heaven. The dawn of the new economy threatens the values that were inherent in the old economy. To investors, it now seems that all companies need to be new economy businesses or no businesses at all. This has been deciphered as a challenge to all companies to move towards new economy businesses via lowering costs, redefining supplier and client relationships, as well as entry into new markets (Edison & Slok, 2011: p22). Institutional investor double standards led to ‘new economy’ businesses receiving near limitless funding for investment while ‘old economy’ companies restricted investment. This paper seeks to show how the difference in funding has distorted the corporate strategy and performance of these economies I t is obvious that strategies that were successful in the old economy are no longer successful in supporting the new economy. In the old economy, businesses relied on growth and development as currency to attract investment for companies like manufacturing with significant plant capacities (Keha & Singh, 2009: p44). Businesses defined their economy by their infrastructure and the way they could accumulate old capital like lending capacity, land, and equipment. Potential employees, therefore, followed the jobs. Due to the high outlay of capital and the planning involved, which was a long term, to establish business facilities, the communities were able to keep the economic activities that they possessed. In old the economy businesses, keeping business costs low was a vital strategy since low wage communities and minimum taxes were more competitive (Keha & Singh, 2009: p45). The oversight of companies and people were based on the notion of control and management. The employee market wa s regional with community competition also being low, as was the talent market. However, the new economy has turned the old economy strategies on its head. Talent as economic growth’s major currency has replaced manufacturing plants. This talent is fungible; it is exchangeable like currency. Talent is driven by various factors, including diversity and tolerance, as well as innovative environments. Sustainability is also more embedded in the new economy business than it was in the old economy (Keha & Singh, 2009: p52). Therefore, economic development in the new economy does not come, necessarily, at the expense of social inequity and depleted resources, unlike the old economy. The new economy businesses are founded on the recognition that success and economic competition is now determined on a global scale. While the elements of the new economy businesses are not all global, the ones that will have the greatest importance in coming years are. For instance, most of the employme nt opportunities lost in the State of Michigan have been lost to the service industry. The service sector seeks to meet local needs, employee services, as well as resident care (Keha & Singh, 2009: p52). Some reasons exist as to why investment institutions are looking towards the new economy business, as opposed to the old economy businesses. The double standards in funding have seen the new economies shift to digitization, which requires higher capital

Forecasting Techniques In Aviation Industry Essay

Forecasting Techniques In Aviation Industry - Essay Example The company developed and implemented a global supply chain solution. This enabled the company to deliver on board customer services as one of the largest airline firms of the world. The company is first to personalize the service for the valued customers. The technology partners of the company are industry matematik International (IMI), Manugistics. One of the most valued strength of the company is committed and professional people in the staff. The majority of the staff in BA is willing to own a problem and is capable of chasing it exemplary. 1 The British Airways demonstrated the compatibility of pleasure and profits. The organization in the company presented its culture as the explanation for the transformation. The organizational environment at the time of transformation resulted in structural changes observing the impact of them in the long term. The organizational structure of the firm exhibited no corporate friction. In general the corporate friction targets to promote positive attitudes by increasing employee's area of responsibility. This system will align financial interests. BA's organizational structure targeted employee attitudes and aimed at secure commitment. The structure did not resign behavioral compliance as staff has common vision in working together. 2 1.2 Problem definition and analysis: The problem conside... When the items are slow moving, generally they are not available readily and the maintenance of those parts by the company can be a burden of inventory. As airlines are a service industry, the maintenance of an inventory to avoid shortage of spare parts is not cost effective practice. One of the possible solutions is the forecasting techniques for the shortage of spares. The forecasting of the problem helps in acquiring the required parts in a particular period of time for the aircrafts of the firm. The all zero, several levels of demand lumpiness, demand variation and ordering, holding and shortage cost are the few models that can be useful in fore casting the shortage of spares in the airlines firm. The evaluation of the forecasting methods by three measures of forecast error and other measures by inventory cost is recommended. All zero forecasts yield the lowest cost when the lumpiness is high. The bid lumpiness also requires the zero forecasts when the shortage cost is more than the holding cost. The maintenance of the spares in the form of inventory should be termed as cost effective when the cost incurred on the company due to shortage is more than the holding cost of the spares in the form of inventory.3 2. Literature Review 2.1 Forecasting demands and Challenges: A.A. Ghobbar in 1994 stated that the most accurate forecasting method on the basis of demand pattern fluctuation in the industry. The average mean absolute percentage error can help in selecting the forecasting methods. The average inner demand interval categorisation can establishes the validity of the factor ranges as a crucial finding. This will simplify and segment the results obtained by evaluating the forecasting methods and

Tingunee Of The Lower Quebin River Valley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tingunee Of The Lower Quebin River Valley - Essay Example They may be what we would consider a primitive tribe or they may be an advanced culture. There is no way of knowing because no one has studied them in the past, which They may find tubers and plants that are not indigenous to other areas of the world. They may have animals or fish that they eat, or they may be vegetarian, all of which would be based on their environment. They may make use of their environment for building materials and they may or may not have access to healthcare. They may be what we would consider a primitive tribe or they may be an advanced culture. There is no way of knowing because no one has studied them in the past, which means that this would be a very important study. Haviland, Harald, and Prins (2008) suggest that each culture has their own rules and standards that are not obvious to the observer. This means that as part of the study, anthropologists would need to understand these rules and standards. The first step in studying these people would be to do preliminary research. Because there are no written materials on this culture, it would be important to see whether there are cultures around it that have some oral knowledge about them. There would need to be an understanding of how to gain access to them in their environment. Since they have never been visited by other people they may be suspicious of anyone who they do not know. The anthropologists would have to gain the trust of the people by perhaps bringing them something that they could value. Most small cultures will have some type of understanding about the world around them, but it will be tied to their religion or their superstitions. Consideration should be given to this issue because new cultures are often frightened by those things they do not understand. We do not know what race the Tingunee are and therefore we would want to understand what they looked like so that we could bring into the area people who may look like them so they would not be as frightened by strangers. Ferraro (2008) suggests that when studying cultures it is important to keep an open mind and understand the culture from their perspective rather than from our own. This would make sense in studying the Tingunee because they are a new culture that we have no frame of reference towards. In studying them we would want to observe them in a subjective manner instead of through our own culture. Language may be a barrier and an interpreter may need to be found. Once trust had been established, the anthropologists would need to use participant observation to gain a deeper entrance into the culture. This would allow the researchers an understanding of what the culture does on a daily basis and how the Tingunee interact with each other and with strangers. Once everyone was comfortable (the researchers and the Tingunee) there may be a few villagers who would help the researchers understand more about the culture. The goal of the study would be to document everything we could about this new culture. We would want to know their approximate age, what they ate, how they slept, where they lived and how they went about their day. We would want to know about their religion if they had one, how they governed themselves and what seemed to be most important for them. The initial contact with this culture would be crucial in defining whether we could continue to study them. The information that would be taken would be a combination of qualitative and quantitative information. The demographics would be important as well as the density of the population, the size and structure of their living space, whether they do farming and have crops that they grow for food, how they interact with their environment, and what they use for fuel to cook their food. On a qualitative basis, it would be important to know how the group interacts socially, and understand "what, why, and how they

Benefits of Nanotechnology on Health and the Environment

Benefits of Nanotechnology on Health and the Environment Aleksandar Banic Abstract Nanotechnology is concerned with manipulating matter to near atomic scales between one and 100nm (nanometers-1 billionth of a meter). This technology has recently gained popularity due to its potential in altering the behaviour of individual molecules and has opened the door to new applications. Many researchers have pinpointed the potential risk of nanotechnology on the environment and on human health. This is due to the fact that the extremely small nanoparticles can penetrate into human cells. This paper aims at determining ways in which this new technology can benefit the environment and the state of people’s health. Typical expectations of functional paints and coatings include: durability, reproducibility, easy application and cost effectiveness, tailored surface morphology and environmental friendliness. Through the use of nanotechnology, these properties can be achieved; therefore inflicting less environmental damage and cost. Discussion As shown in figure 1 (refer to appendix), the list of benefits for paints containing nanoparticles is extensive. It is also apparent that nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most common nanoparticles in both the paint and lacquer industries. The primary reason for this is its ability to make the paint more durable (refer to figure 2 for following references). The wavelength of the visible light spectrum ranges between 400 and 700nm, whereas TiO2 is much shorter (200-350nm). This property renders the coating transparent and more aesthetically pleasing whilst also allowing UV absorption smaller wavelength means more energy. Therefore, when moving from left to right in figure 2, the different types of radiation become increasingly destructive. During UV radiation, UV photons can cause ionization, where electrons break away from atoms and this vacancy affects chemical properties. As a result, the paint could begin to flake, otherwise known as ‘chalking’ where it is th en washed away into the environment (1)(2)(3). Nano TiO2 coating serves to prevent this and is therefore considered to be an advantage to the environment. As durability is increased, the longevity of the paint does likewise and therefore, the rate of production is lowered. This means that energy and resource outputs are decreased, thus benefiting the environment once more. Figure 2: electromagnetic spectrum image displaying frequency and wavelength. Also highlights visible spectrum (3) One of the most advantageous characteristics of nanoparticle paints and coatings is their self-cleansing property. Nano scale titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most often employed nanoparticle that exhibits this property. As TiO2 is photo catalytic, when illuminated with an ultraviolet (UV) source (e.g. sunlight) in the presence of water, valence electrons are transferred into the conduction band of TiO2 and then react with oxygen. Super oxide radicals result. These photo-produced radicals are powerful oxidizing species and can cause the deterioration of organic contaminants or microbial pieces on the particle surface. Furthermore, nano TiO2 is super-hydrophilic, i.e. the entire surface attracts and spreads water out into a thin film (4). Therefore, water and rainfall easily wash away contaminants when the coating is applied on an exterior surface. Figure 3: Hydrophilic coating (right) with TiO2on float glass for comparative purposes. Notice how right side is spread out thinly to cover as much surface as possible. This allows for a more consistent cleaning (4). Self-cleaning surfaces can decrease the amount of cleaning required. In the case of industrial cleaning in particular it can reduce labour costs and extend a materials durability. Lower energy costs and less use of cleaning detergents are expected to be the primary environmental benefits (5). In fact, nano TiO2 was proven to achieve the following: Reduction in re-paint material consumption by over 75% Reduction in labour and energy costs by 50% In summary, the photo catalytic and hydrophilic features of nano T (Environmental Protection Agency , 2015)iO2 result in the benefit of self-cleaning. When compared to that of standard paints, this is also beneficial to the environment whilst also being more cost effective. In addition, paints coated in nano TiO2 have also managed to reduce surface pollution. Paint which photocleans the air of automobile-produced nitrogen oxides (NOx) is currently under heavy promotion. NOx are formed during the combustion process when nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) are present at elevated temperatures. They also serve as key precursors for ozone and this can lead to numerous health effects as outlined in the figure below. Figure 4: The relationship between the severity of the effect and the proportion of the population experiencing the effect can be presented as a pyramid. Many individuals experience the least serious, most common effects shown at the bottom. Fewer individuals experience the more severe effects such as hospitalization or death; however, they are still possibilities especially after prior health issues or prolonged exposure (6). In the presence of sunlight, TiO2 nanoparticles in the paint, form hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, which then react with NOx in the air to produce nitric acid. This reacts further with calcium carbonate in the paint matrix to generate minute quantities of calcium nitrate, water, and carbon dioxide (CO2). Calcium nitrate is especially useful as a fertilizer; therefore it is not harmful to the environment. And although CO2 is considered a greenhouse gas, it is nontoxic (7)(8). Figure 5: graph compares the surface area covered by anatase (one of the three forms of TiO2) to the % of NOx removed from that vicinity. Eventually it will plateau as the production of NOx will be no longer be able to reduce by more than is being created (7) In an experiment, a 4,100m2 wall was subjected to paint containing TiO2 nanoparticles. Results showed that each square meter could remove 80g of NOx from the atmosphere per year. Furthermore, NOx levels in the vicinity of the wall were compared to that of other areas of the city and a 57% decrease was found. It can be concluded from this information that health effects would also be lowered proportionally (8). As the effects of nano TiO2 particles in paint are evidently advantageous, it supports the statement that in general, the positives of nanoparticles outweigh the negatives. If nanoparticles are firmly imbedded within a coating matrix, current risk assessments conclude that the probability of a harmful impact on the environment is very low. However, nanoparticles may be released as a result of weathering on the coating matrix. An investigation conducted in 2010, has shown that very small amounts of TiO2 (between 20 and 300nm in size) are released by house paints due to weathering. They can then enter the soil via rainwater drains. As stated previously, the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 are able to produce oxygen radicals. They are in fact toxic for aquatic organisms. However, the release of nanoparticles into the environment can be reduced or prevented if nanomaterials and coatings are designed accordingly. Regardless of the fact that surface coatings which contain firmly embedded nanoparticles currently pose a minute risk to the health of users and consumers, special attention is required for those that manufacture nanoparticulate raw materials. (4) (9) (Chang)Nevertheless, there are currently no known long-term health effects as a result of nanoparticle paint, and the short-term effects are easily reduced or prevented when safety measures are taken accordingly. Although possible health and environmental effects may exist, they are unsupported and easily outweighed by the positives of nanoparticle paints. Conclusion Several advantages for nanoparticles used in paint and lacquer have been focused on throughout this paper. Although many more are possible as outlined in figure 1 (appendix), it is evident from the properties of UV absorption, self-cleansing and NOx reduction alone, that it overcomes the unfounded negative impacts. In fact, the only undesirable aspect is the danger that nanoparticles could inflict upon the appliers and manufacturers. However, there is very little supporting evidence and can therefore not be used as a counter argument for the use of nanoparticle paints. It is important that the public understands how beneficial this technology is they would be doing themselves and the environment a great disservice. Bibliography Wick, P. (2012). Nanoparticles in paints: A new strategy to protect faà §ades and surfaces? . International Conferences on Safe Production and Use of Nanomaterials , 10. Popov, A. (2008). TiO2 NANOPARTICLES AS UV PROTECTORS. UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS. OULUN YLIOPISTO. New World Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Electromagnetic Spectrum. Retrieved May 4, 2015, from New World Encyclopedia: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Electromagnetic_spectrum Nanotechnology solutions for self-cleaning, dirt and water-repellent coatings . (2011, January 11). Retrieved May 4, 2015, from Nano Werk: http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=19644.php Environmental Protection Agency . (2015, January 31). Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from Ozone and Your Patients Health Training for Health Care Providers: http://www.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/population.html Dalton, J. (2002). Photocatalytic oxidation of NOx gases using TiO2: a surface spectroscopic approach. Elsevier . Bendak, S. (2010). Potential Environmental and Health Benefits of Nanotechnology. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering , 4 (1), 2. Joseph, R. (2011). Nanotechnology-A New Prospective in Organic Coating Review. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications , 2 (4). Chang, X. Health effects of exposure to nano-TiO2: a meta-analysis of experimental studies. Nanjing : Springer . Appendix Figure 1: above table states the various advantages of nanoparticle paints and coatings along with their respective nanomaterial and industrial branch (1) Bibliography (Popov, 2008) (New World Encyclopedia) (Nanotechnology solutions for self-cleaning, dirt and water-repellent coatings Read more: Nanotechnology solutions for self-cleaning, dirt and water-repellent coatings , 2011) (Wick, 2012)

Maxine Waters: Raising consciousness, not money Essay -- Essays Paper

Maxine Waters: Raising consciousness, not money As one of the most powerful African American women in American politics today, Maxine Waters yields respect from both her allies and adversaries. (Dowd 8/22/83) As a member of the House of Representatives, who holds great command, Ms. Waters has a obligation, one might say a calling, to truly serve her constituency, to fight their struggles, to raise consciousness regarding the state of American society today, and to lend her constituency hope. Ms. Waters represents the 35th district of California, a region of California that encompasses the infamous South Central Los Angeles, that was brought to the attention of the Nation, during the 1992 LA Riots, which Ms. Waters quickly defends as a revolution. (Southgate, 12/13/93) Her district, which is predominantly African American, has suffered from years of urban decay, unemployment is high, families are poor, drugs are abundant, and violence has become a normal everyday occurrence. In such dire conditions, Ms. Waters has come forward as a champion for"her people,"as she affectionately refers to her constituency. Essentially, as a congresswoman, she has made Black America her agenda. She has set this Agenda as her number one priority, which became abundantly clear in the recent Impeachment hearings in Congress. As Ms. Waters' says,"I don't have time to be polite,"and she certainly does not have time to waste on an impeachment process, that has little to with law but more to do wi th partisan revenge. Although Waters is clearly dedicated to the African American community, her advocacy for her community undoubtedly provides a voice, to some extent, to all oppressed groups in our society, women, children, the poor and other minorit... ... 19, Nov. 1998 (H. Hrg. pp. 130-133). Washington: US Government Printing Office 1998. US House. Committee on the Judiciary. Impeachment Inquiry pursuant to H. Res. 581: Presentation On Behalf of the President 8th and 9th Dec. 1998 (H. Hrg. pp. 82-83, 165 167, 253-254, 364-365, and 451). Washington: US Government Printing Office 1998. US House. Committee on the Judiciary. The Consequences of Perjury and Related Crimes 1 Dec. 1998 (H. Hrg. pp. 34-36). Washington: US Government Printing Office 1998. Waters, Maxine. (1999) Maxine Waters: Official Biography. Available: http://www.house.gov/waters/bio.htm (1999, November 12) Yellin, Jessica. (1995, April 12) Perspective on Congress; a Slipup in the Sisterhood. Los Angeles Times. Available: http://web.lexis-bnexis.com/univese/docume...taggedDocs+Z1,82Z2,1Z1,4Z2,868AA31Z1,BF3,8 (1999, November 12) Maxine Waters: Raising consciousness, not money Essay -- Essays Paper Maxine Waters: Raising consciousness, not money As one of the most powerful African American women in American politics today, Maxine Waters yields respect from both her allies and adversaries. (Dowd 8/22/83) As a member of the House of Representatives, who holds great command, Ms. Waters has a obligation, one might say a calling, to truly serve her constituency, to fight their struggles, to raise consciousness regarding the state of American society today, and to lend her constituency hope. Ms. Waters represents the 35th district of California, a region of California that encompasses the infamous South Central Los Angeles, that was brought to the attention of the Nation, during the 1992 LA Riots, which Ms. Waters quickly defends as a revolution. (Southgate, 12/13/93) Her district, which is predominantly African American, has suffered from years of urban decay, unemployment is high, families are poor, drugs are abundant, and violence has become a normal everyday occurrence. In such dire conditions, Ms. Waters has come forward as a champion for"her people,"as she affectionately refers to her constituency. Essentially, as a congresswoman, she has made Black America her agenda. She has set this Agenda as her number one priority, which became abundantly clear in the recent Impeachment hearings in Congress. As Ms. Waters' says,"I don't have time to be polite,"and she certainly does not have time to waste on an impeachment process, that has little to with law but more to do wi th partisan revenge. Although Waters is clearly dedicated to the African American community, her advocacy for her community undoubtedly provides a voice, to some extent, to all oppressed groups in our society, women, children, the poor and other minorit... ... 19, Nov. 1998 (H. Hrg. pp. 130-133). Washington: US Government Printing Office 1998. US House. Committee on the Judiciary. Impeachment Inquiry pursuant to H. Res. 581: Presentation On Behalf of the President 8th and 9th Dec. 1998 (H. Hrg. pp. 82-83, 165 167, 253-254, 364-365, and 451). Washington: US Government Printing Office 1998. US House. Committee on the Judiciary. The Consequences of Perjury and Related Crimes 1 Dec. 1998 (H. Hrg. pp. 34-36). Washington: US Government Printing Office 1998. Waters, Maxine. (1999) Maxine Waters: Official Biography. Available: http://www.house.gov/waters/bio.htm (1999, November 12) Yellin, Jessica. (1995, April 12) Perspective on Congress; a Slipup in the Sisterhood. Los Angeles Times. Available: http://web.lexis-bnexis.com/univese/docume...taggedDocs+Z1,82Z2,1Z1,4Z2,868AA31Z1,BF3,8 (1999, November 12)

Attention Deficit disorder

My high school years have been challenging but I have managed to fit in. I was born with a condition known as Attention Deficit disorder (ADD). This condition causes inattentiveness, over-activity and impulsivity. I learnt to cope with these conditions by having a good self-esteem.I did not to inform the administration about my condition because I did not want to receive special treatment like getting more time to take my tests. I took challenging courses like chemistry, functions statistics and trigonometry. To improve my understanding of the academic material and also to get a better grade in my course, I attended summer school.I did this to retake courses that were difficult to understand during school time and to boost my overall cumulative G.P.A. These courses required sustained mental efforts in class, which were difficult to maintain, but I extended my school hours to get more help from my teachers. I even arranged with them to stay longer hours in the school labs for extra tu toring.I am very talented in gymnasium and my talent helped me get admitted in the varsity cheerleading team during my junior year, where I learnt to cultivate my interpersonal skills. During practice I dedicated all my energies to the teams performance and was promoted me to the assistant co-captain of the varsity cheerleading team.I had supportive friends in the team, who with my coaches assisted me to solve difficult class work problems. They lifted my self-esteem in believing in me. Through the team I learnt that to succeed I needed to have self-confidence.During my sophomore year I attended sylvan learning center, where I learnt to study and improve my skills to become academically successful. In the center I was able to develop good interpersonal skills and improve my communication skills. This has enabled me cultivate good leadership qualities.I believe am capable of getting in the university and once am there I will use talents in the gymnasium to occupy my free time. Being idle is a way of causing distraction and I want to remain focused during my academic years. Iwill use my interpersonal skills to develop good relations with a students and also to be become a student leader. I will study hard in the university to achieve all my goals despite my condition. I believe in working hard to be successful. Work citedStein, E, Amy. Fragments: Coping with attention Deficit Disorder. Haworth press. 2003. 91-120.

The Crucible and McCarthyism essays

The Crucible and McCarthyism essays In the late 1600s, a tragedy fed by lies and personal grudges swept the town of Salem, Massachusetts. This tragedy was called the Salem Witchcraft Trials, where 20 innocent people were put to death based solely on the accusations of others. These others were also just girls who tried to save themselves by blaming others. After the injustice had been done, another witch hunt wouldnt occur until about 250 years later. However, these new witch hunts werent for witches at all, but for the modern-day threat of communists in our government. Just like the old witch-hunts in Salem, the hunt for communists in the government resulted in many innocent people being wrongly accused and arrested. Though these events are separated by 260 years, the accusations and trials that followed are very similar. In The Crucible, the accusations were made based on feelings of greed, vengeance, jealousy, and fear. In addition, most of the people accused were people who were different from the group, or who looked different in some way. Also, if anyone dared to speak out against these charges, they were likely to be accused of witchcraft themselves. In the McCarthy-era, The kind of people targeted were likely to be left-inclined men and women of the 1930s who had witnessed the Great Crash, depression and chronic unemployment, the cruelty of unfettered capitalism and the rise of Nazism, especially threatening to Jews like Miller. In both time periods, many were wrongfully accused and had their lives ruined. The accused people in Salem had done nothing wrong, yet they were jailed and further punished if they did not confess to committing witchcraft. However, even if the accused did confess and were freed, they were still disgracefully looked upon and shunned by the rest of t he town. In the 1950s, many people lost their jobs and couldnt get jobs if they had been on the blacklist, ...

Meiosis Comparison essays

Meiosis Comparison essays The two different types of meiosis, meiosis I and meiosis II, undergo the same interphase. In this phase, the chromosomes replicate like they do in the S-phase preceding mitosis. In prophase I, the homogonous chromosomes, or two sister chromosomes, come together and condense in a process called synapsis. The four chromatids of the pair of homogonous chromosomes visible under a microscope is called a tetrad. Some of these chromosomes crisscross at the chiasmata, a site where genetic material is exchanged, which help hold the chromosomes together. The genetic traits of the pair of chromosomes are then mixed homogeneously in a process called crossing over. Meanwhile, spindle fibers made of microtubules form as the centrosomes begin to separate to opposite poles of the cell. In Metaphase I, the chromosomes, now connected to kinetochore microtubules, line up in the metphase plate. The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart toward opposite ends in Anaphase I, but unlike Anaphase in mitosis, the chromosomes retain their centromeres. In telophaseI and cytokinesis, the chromosomes are completely relocated and at opposite ends of the cell. Each pole has a haploid chromosome, or a cell with a single set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously with telophase I. A pinch forms outside the cell, forming a cleavage furrow, and ultimately splitting the cell into two. In some cells, however, the chromosomes recondense in Interphase II before entering meiosis II. In meiosis II, each of the daughter cells of meiosis I undergo their own meiosis. In prophase II, the spindle apparatus forms. In metaphase II, the chromosomes line up just like they do in other variants of the metaphase. They separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell in anaphase II. In telophase II and cytokinesis, the cells divide by way of a cleavage furrow and create four daughter cells. Meiosis in animals occurs only in the ovaries and te...

BUILDING E-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE Assignment

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Visual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual analysis - Essay Example Dockers.com presents a webpage that is bold and straight-to-the-point, characteristics associated with being purposeful, one of Dockers’ lifestyle promises. Once on the site, consumers can already feel a sense of intention. Calibri and Arial fonts in basic colors of black and white dominate the page, consistent with a no-nonsense attitude Dockers portrays. Even the language on the site speaks of decisiveness as Dockers does not describe its clothes. Rather, it tells the consumers to take action by utilizing verbs such as make, explore and get. Black, a common color for formal clothes, presents a picture of solidity, another lifestyle promise from Dockers, and also classic elegance. This promise of solidity is again reinforced by the Dockers’ logo – an anchor that appears in full each time a user moves from page to page. The anchor, symbolizing steadiness, is also defined as a ‘person†¦ that can be relied on for support, stability, or security.† ( Anchor) With its taglines like â€Å"Dockers has your back† or â€Å"We’ve got you covered†, the brand reiterates once more its promise of dependability. Orange may not be a color associated with men. However, Dockers employs the color on its page for two reasons. For one, it is in line with the company’s lifestyle promise of a go-getter attitude. The orange links stand out making them easy to find and click. Consumers can readily know the current page because the orange is such a contrast to the black and gray letters that dominate the site. The second reason the orange works is because Dockers makes men feel confident in themselves to wear any color, even those usually utilized for females. In fact, if one is to browse the khaki section by color, the selection includes khakis in honey mustard and another in electric blue. In their Spring 2013 collection, khakis are offered in yellow and orange. The first page of the site features a set of pictures verti cally arranged on the center of the page. These have lines or two on each of them. Consumers will see that Dockers has anticipated the consumers’ needs and is prepared to satisfy these with messages such as â€Å"We’ve got you covered†, â€Å"Quality gifts that keep giving, at any price† and â€Å"Dockers has your back†. Again, these shows Dockers’ promise to make the consumer feel dependable. Dockers is able to make male consumers easily associate themselves with the male models on its site. The models in the pictures and videos are not overly handsome or muscular. They can be a father, brother, husband, uncle or friend, the very same consumers who visit the site. A commonality among them is their confident stance which emphasizes Dockers’ promise of determination. For the videos, Dockers chose to feature inspirational males who are enjoying the life they have carved out for themselves. Examples include Michael â€Å"Bear† Gry lls who is an adventurer, writer and television personality; Danny Hess, who makes environmentally-friendly surfboards; and, David Burnett, a teacher and architect who now helps make homes for Habitat for Humanity. By employing these personalities and having them share their passions on the site, Dockers is able to tell its audience that their clothes are the suitable partners of people who are confident, reliable and have a sense of purpose in their lives. The array of videos and pictures make the site visually appealing, especially since most audiences who shop for clothes do not take time to read blurbs and paragraphs but do enjoy clicking

Art Versus Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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