Paper 3--The Persuasive Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Mareketing Management Of Mcdonald’s Essay

McDonalds one of the biggest cheap food selling eatery networks on the planet was set up in 1940 by two siblings Richard and Maurice McDonalds. This eatery began its business as a grill café yet last represented considerable authority in making ham burgers, the café got the consideration of Ray Kroc an American businessperson who turned into the diversifying specialist of McDonalds in 1955 and took McDonalds to its worldwide development. Beam Kroc made the McDonalds Corporation and included certain preparation offices for workers which made McDonalds a heavenly preparing establishment for understudy. McDonalds Corporation additionally presented the Hamburger University which laid the extremely sole of value the board in understudies and gave grants to exceed expectations understudies and understudy workers of McDonalds. 1) International And Domestic Marketing Principles Of McDonalds: McDonalds, the worldwide cheap food monster with in excess of 34,000 nearby eating joints serving almost 69 million individuals in 119 nations each day,[1] has a significant nearness in Pakistan. In spite of the fact that McDonalds demands a general standard the cheap food behemoth despite everything permits customization of its items and administrations meeting a specific business need. However the company’s franchisees across topographies have a comparative way to deal with business in various parameters. A stamped similarity concerning quality and administration between McDonald eateries, even they are far separated from one another as far as land area, is the sign of the inexpensive food mammoth. McDonalds Pakistan perceives its socio-social setting, consequently has swapped conventional burger for halal food liberated from pork. The cheap food fasten additionally wants to obtain meat from nearby halal abattoir. The item advancement systems, one of the key zones of showcasing standards, consistently should be settled upon so as to enhance the market execution of McDonald. The US based company’s development in Pakistan would require taking a shot at ads that can engage the nearby clients under the rules of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). 2) Growing Global Market Environment Of McDonalds: McDonald along with Lakson Group has joined Siza Foods (Pvt) Ltd to claim a chain of 22 eateries in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Hyderabad and Faisalabad. McDonald depends on franchisee, or partnered or natural extension as a model for its development. McDonald’s abroad development plan including its Pakistan advertise must be in accordance with its present income, if not more. Additionally, the natural way of life might want its essential items to top its menu, for example, cheeseburgers, chicken, French fries, breakfast things, soda pops, milkshakes and sweets. Notwithstanding, certain territorial markets, for example, Pakistan must adjust to nearby interest for halal meat which would expect burger to be supplanted by halal meat. Additionally, the organization ought to consistently stay arranged to changing shopper tastes †numerous local clients constrained McDonald to incorporate servings of mixed greens, fish, wraps, smoothies and natural product. The nearby treats of Pakistan, for example, flame broiled Tandoori chicken may later on menu of McDonald. Securing of adversary organizations In this period of advancement and development McDonalds USA being exceptionally thrived in its residential market is spreading its business universally. In developing all inclusive McDonalds USA considered diversifying as their mean, which is a protected, less expensive and simple strategy with least legitimate commitments. McDonalds opened its first establishment in 1955 by Ray Kroc, who likewise settled the McDonalds Corporation. From that point forward McDonalds is developing its business and now works in 119 nations. In Pakistan McDonalds has given diversifying rights to Lakson Group of Companies headed by Mr. Amin Lakhani. McDonalds Pakistan opened its first establishment in September 1998 in the city of Lahore, after seven days it opened another establishment in Karachi and hence it continued expanding its establishments in 8 major urban areas of Pakistan. McDonalds USA anyway has assumed control more than barely any little scope cheap food retailers, who were confronting trouble in contending with rivals in the business. 3) Practical Marketing Cross Cultural Implication Of McDonalds Operation Abroad: McDonalds USA being in its residential market is very much aware of the social ramifications winning in USA, which tends the development of McDonalds as it most likely is aware the language, culture, society and laws of the nation. If there should arise an occurrence of McDonalds Pakistan there are hindrances to McDonalds USA on different grounds like force separation, independence, vulnerability, manliness and long haul direction. In Pakistan the general public depends on certain social and social grounds that doesn't permit individuals will less understanding to take an interest in dynamic, along these lines there is a crooked force appropriation were individuals are feel bound and constrained as to choices made by seniors. In Pakistan in all most all fields of business independence is seen where errand are being made by chiefs which are then trailed by administrators and carried on to subordinates, in a way were the executives take all worry of making the thought as opposed to considering a gathering conversation on the point. In Pakistan the vulnerability component is high because of absence of security issue in the nation and unsteady lawfulness winning in the nation, which tends organizations to be exceptionally careful when taking certain business choices. The socio-culture condition in Pakistan depends on a male prevailing society, were the dynamic is confined to male citizenry and there is an absence of equity of considerations as ladies generally are not permitted to part in dynamic. Pakistan being one of the immature nations is a long way from taking a gander at long haul direction as nation faces numerous monetary and financial emergencies which limits organizations to take a gander at long haul direction and urges them to partake in transient objectives. 4) Current And Potential Cultural Differences: Food ventures shrink winning in its residential or global market needs to follow social patterns of the nation in which it is to work. With regards to McDonalds USA and McDonalds Pakistan both win in nations with totally extraordinary social grounds. The way of life winning in USA hushes up progressive, where they think about right to speak freely, less strict opposition and balance of sex. Being so McDonalds USA appreciates numerous benefits because of the right to speak freely of discourse and less strict obstruction, where they can sell their items with no respects of being halal or haram, they can make notices avoiding certain unequivocal materials which are absolved by American law. In American culture fairness of sexual orientation permits ladies to work for their living which has caused McDonalds USA to enlist female staff in their stores. The way of life of Pakistan is extremist when contrasted with USA , where the right to speak freely of discourse is constrained inside social, good and strict grounds, religion assumes an indispensable job in pretty much every expect of life and sexual orientation correspondence isn't seen as ladies are not urged to work and take part in vocation building exercises. For this situation McDonalds Pakistan needs to work in impediment of Islamic Sharia and needs to make its items with halal fixings. McDonalds Pakistan additionally needs to make commercial of its items in constraint of rules set by PEMRA. In Pakistan ladies are not permitted by their families to work in a domain where they would serve men or wearing an uncultured way which limits ladies to work in a natural way of life like McDonalds. Above all else, as per a Hadith in Al-Tirmidhi, it has been described by Hadhrat Abu Darda (Radi Allah Anho) that liquor is the way in to all underhanded; this is devouring it or selling it. It is absolutely Haraam to sell liquor and the pay earned is additionally Haraam. It is Haraam for a Muslim to sell something that is Haraam for him to eat or utilize. The Holy Prophet, Hadhrat Muhammad-ur Rasullullaah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) stated, â€Å"If Allah Taa’la makes Haraam the utilization of something; He likewise makes Haraam its transaction.† (Musnad Ahmad, Hadith no. 2546)[2] (2.1) Project Management Techniquesof McDonalds: McDonalds USA an organization structure by merger of two organizations started its venture with an establishment selling burgers and milk shakes. The organization followed the customary methodology of undertaking the executives strategies were they arranged and planned their creation, quality, dispersion, staffing standards and area. After the arranging and structuring of these thoughts by McDonalds USA they began execution of these thoughts and focused on further development of these thoughts. McDonalds USA in the wake of placing its thoughts in real life chipped away at approaches to control and screen it by making certain product that would permit it check its business, stock and monetary synopsis continuously. This venture improvement strategy utilized by McDonalds USA has made its business effective in USA, as it were, and has additionally made a picture in the worldwide market which is spreading its business over the globe. Pakistan’s showcase being a mind boggling and new market for McDonalds USA has prompted giving diversifying power to Lakson gathering of organizations a main business bunch in Pakistan, which realizes the business slants in the nation and acceptable behavior in as indicated by it. This gathering has encouraged McDonalds Pakistan to develop in a prospering way as most components in the nation are against American products. (2.2) Different Stages of McDonalds worldwide showcasing advancement including: †Domestic †Ethnocentric †Polycentric and †Geocentric. These various stages were presented Howard V in 1969. These stages show the staffing inclinations of any firm in a worldwide market. The Domestic stage alludes to apportioning or selecting staff from inside the nation of the organization. The Ethnocentric stage is like residential stage regarding st

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Cluster B Personality Disorders BPD Related Conditions Print Cluster B Personality Disorders By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 17, 2019 Sandy Honig/Moment/Getty Images More in BPD Related Conditions Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Classification Causes Diagnosis Treatment View All Back To Top Personality disorders can be confusing since many have similar or even overlapping characteristics. In order to better differentiate one from the next, the fifth edition of the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) grouped the various disorders into three clusters, each of which is characterized by a shared and distinctive personality feature. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 9.1 percent of Americans over 18 have at least one personality disorder. Understanding Personality Disorders Your personality is defined by how you think, behave, and feel. A personality disorder is not simply about thinking, feeling, or behaving differently than would be expected. It is a persistent deviation from cultural expectations that causes distress and makes it difficult to function. At its heart, a personality disorder characterized by an unhealthy and rigid pattern of behavior that interferes with the ability to perceive or relate to situations or people, enjoy life, maintain meaningful relationships, and do well at school or work. Classifying Cluster B Disorders There are 10 specific types of personality disorders, which DSM-5 breaks into three clusters. Cluster A is defined as odd or eccentric behavior that affects 5.7 percent of adults. Cluster C personality disorders consist of fearful and anxious behaviors, affecting 6 percent of adults. Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, overly emotional, or unpredictable thinking or behaviors. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and histrionic personality disorder. These tend to be the least common disorders, involving 2.7 percent of adults, but are often the most challenging to treat. As with any other number of personality and mood disorders, conditions can overlap and coexist, requiring different approaches to treatment and care. Antisocial Personality Disorder The DSM-5 defines  antisocial personality disorder  as a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. People with antisocial personality disorder have been described as lacking empathy (the ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes in order to understand their feelings). They often act irresponsibly, lie, steal, or repeatedly break the law. Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by impulsive behavior, aggression, recklessness, a disregard for the safety of yourself or others, and a lack of remorse for any harms done. Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with specific problems with  interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, behaviors, and thinking. People with BPD tend to have unstable and  intense relationships and are prone to frequent arguments and breakups. They are characteristically afraid of being abandoned and will have a strongly negative image of themselves.  People with BPD will often say that they feel as if theyre on an emotional roller coaster, shifting from elation to depression within a matter of minutes. Another hallmark of BPD is a tendency to engage in  risky behaviors, such as going on shopping sprees, abusing alcohol or drugs, engaging in promiscuous sex, binge eating, or self-harm  (such as cutting yourself or attempting suicide). Narcissistic Personality Disorder The key feature of narcissistic personality disorder is an inflated sense of self-importance. People with this disorder often believe themselves to be exceptional and entitled to special treatment. They will demand excessive attention, take advantage of others, and have an inability to either perceive or demonstrate empathy. People with a narcissistic personality disorder will also exaggerate their achievements and fantasize about being powerful, attractive, and successful. While they will have no interest in others feelings and needs, they will often have unreasonable expectations of what others should do for them. Jealousy of  others is common, as is the belief that they are actively envied by others. Histrionic Personality Disorder The most telling characteristic  of histrionic personality disorder is a rapid shift between dramatic expressions of emotion and excessive attention-seeking behavior. People with this disorder  dont like it when someone else is getting more attention and will engage in dramatic, seductive, or sexually provocative behavior and/or use physical appearance to regain the limelight. People with a histrionic personality disorder may believe that personal relationships are stronger than they really are, use dramatic statements to express opinions, and be easily influenced by others. They also tend to overly concerned about their physical appearance. Causes Your personalityâ€"the way you think, feel, and behaveâ€"largely forms during childhood. Your temperament, environment, and personal experiences all work together to shape your personality. The exact causes of personality disorders remain unclear but are believed to be genetically influenced, suggesting that our temperament may be inherited to some degree. According to research from the University of Louisville School of Medicine, certain brain abnormalities are common in people with Cluster B personality disorders, suggesting that they may be inherently predisposed to mental health disorders from birth. Childhood trauma, abuse, chaos, instability, or a family history of personality disorders are also seen to be contributing factors, The Relationship Between Child Abuse and BPD Diagnosis Avoid the temptation to try to diagnose yourself or a loved one for a personality disorder. Only a trained mental health professional can accurately make a diagnosis based on a review and characterization of symptoms. If you think you or a loved one has a personality disorder, talk to your doctor. Diagnosis includes a physical exam, psychiatric evaluation, and meeting specific criteria outlined in the DSM-5. Treatment Treatment can go a long way to helping you attain a better quality of life. The two most common treatments are psychotherapy and medication. If your situation requires it, you may need to be hospitalized or referred to a residential treatment program. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Psychotherapy Usually, the best treatment for personality disorders is psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy or counseling. You may learn some life skills that help you cope with your emotions while also learning how to respond appropriately and manage your relationships. The most commonly used psychotherapies for personality disorders are: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)PsychoanalysisGroup therapy Self-education and coping skills training are also important parts of psychotherapy. How to Cope With a Personality Disorder Medications Though there arent any medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat personality disorders, co-existing symptoms of depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder are typically treated with: Antidepressants: These can help if you have depression symptoms such as a low mood, anger, hopelessness, worthlessness, or irritability.Anti-anxiety medications: If you have problems with anxiety or insomnia, these medications may help decrease the symptoms. However, they can also lead to increased impulsiveness in some.Antipsychotics: For people diagnosed with psychosis or extreme anxiety, antipsychotics may be useful in normalizing heightened moods.Mood stabilizers: These medications can help balance your moods so that mood swings are less frequent or severe. They may also help reduce impulsive behavior and aggression.

Compaing Hip Hop and Rock Music Essay - 555 Words

People all over the world listen to various types of music. The most popular kinds of music in America are hip hop and rock. As they seem to be totally different types of music they have a lot of similarities . Hip Hop and Rock music have more differences than similarities. Hip Hop and Rock music are today’s people choice of music. People will find that teens and adults from the age of 20 to 34 listen to these two types of music. Not too often will you see or hear a teen listening to Blues, Opera, Reggae, or Oldies. Reason being is that they were raised up in toady’s society where really all they will here is either Hip Hop or Rock. There is a lot of argument that these two different types of music are the same old sing†¦show more content†¦Rock music is more than always slower than Hip Hop. Its sounds and beats are more hard, meaning that they are more of a drum and guitar in the music. Often times they will have a chorus that is repeated in the song more than 3 times, when Hip Hop is sung off the top of a Rap Artist’s head meaning what ever comes to mind. Rock music is one of a kind music that can be known for â€Å"head banging† music. Usually this means that a person listening to this type of music will be s haking their head really hard up and down to the beat of song, usually shaking their hair. Rock music is also classified as â€Å"punk rock† music and is a very fast beat song witch in my opinion sounds like racket. On the other hand Hip Hop will usually be heard blaring out of a car with tremendous bass. This type of music is either a slow or medium pace beat. Hip Hop has a repetitive beat and flows a lot smoother. Unlike rock the beat will change all through out the song making it different from Hip Hop. Hip Hop music is generated from the so called â€Å"RAP† music wich is the same thing as Hip Hop. Rap has an automatic stereo type to it when it is just said. Because when someone says rap music, they automatically think of the music to be about foul language and drugs. When its really a talent to be able to rap. Hip Hop is about life and growing up in the ghetto, as rock is more about love or hate. Rap artist’s will rap about their house’s, their expensive cars, their five

According To The American ChildrenS Author, Dr. Seuss,

According to the American children s author, Dr. Seuss, describes, â€Å"You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You’re on your own. And you know what you know. And you are the who’ll decide where to go.† (Dr. Seuss, Oh, The Place You’ll Go!) As a leader, I have realized that I’ve had the choice of creating my own path to experience while spending my past four years here at Cabrini. I’ve learned about the many ups and downs in life, yet it has inspired me to survive for a better future as a leader. Starting in the spring semester, I had the chance to do my internship with the students from the Pathway School and provide them with life skills that they will need as they†¦show more content†¦My top five strengths would include: positivity, achiever, learner, relator and included, and tactic knowledge all come together to help an individual become a successful person an d even leader. If I had to pick my top three traits that I feel are the most important for a leader would include: personality, motivation and problem solving skills. As mentioned before that all traits that we read are very important. However, I personally feel that the use of personality, motivation and problem solving skills are extremely important in all situations small or large. As a leader, you want to a have a welcoming personality, where you want your followers to feel welcomed. Followers don’t want a leader who is cold hearted and hate being there because that will push their followers away. As mentioned in our discussion board last week, motivation is extremely important not only for leaders and followers, but for everyone to keep us moving forward in our darkest hours. According to American politician Brad Henry believes, â€Å"A good teacher can inspire hope, ignite the imagination, and instill a love of learning.† As my role as the educator, it is extremely important to provide guidance and knowledge for the students within the classroom because as my role the educator, I amShow MoreRelated Literary Analysis of Dr. Seuss Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis of Dr. Seuss Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, is perhaps one of the most beloved children’s authors of the twentieth century. Although he is most famous as an author of children’s books, Geisel was also a political cartoonist, advertisement designer, and film director (Kaplan). He used the power of imagination to produce unforgettable children’s books and helped solve the problem of illiteracy among America’s children. By using his experiences in life as aRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Dr. Seuss1701 Words   |  7 PagesTheodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, is perhaps one of the most beloved childrens authors of the twentieth century. Although he is most famous as an author of childrens books, Geisel was also a political cartoonist, advertisement designer, and film director (Kaplan). He used the power of imagination to produce unforgettable childrens books and helped solve the problem of illiteracy among Americas children. By using his ex periences in life as a foundation for most of his books,Read MoreTheodor Seuss Geisel: Dr. Seuss1577 Words   |  7 PagesIts not.†(Dr. Seuss, the Lorax) The childhood of thousands of adults and children alike were all made memorable because of one man. Theodor Seuss Geisel. His use of words and depictions, although with hidden messages, of daily life has molded the imagination of every child. On March second 1904 a baby boy was born to a Theodor Robert Geisel and Henrietta Seuss Geisel, on Howard Street, Springfield, Massachusetts (Cat in the Hat.org). This little boy will soon become the great Dr. Seuss, but for nowRead MoreEssay on Dr. Seuss2643 Words   |  11 PagesDr. Seuss Dr. Seuss I took an unconventional approach in the topic I chose for my reading assignment – whereas most groups selected single novels, my partner and I opted to read a collection of short stories by none other than the notorious Dr. Seuss. Were I writing this essay on a â€Å"normal† book, I would be able to pose a question about the book itself and answer it in an ordinary sort of way. However, given the subject matter I have chosen, an essay on an individual book, though possibleRead MoreChildrens Literature Midterm Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagesincludes both where and when the story takes place 11. Who of the following authors/illustrators is noted for publishing popular concept books for very young children? Sandra Boynton 12. Traditional literature is most similar to modern fantasy 13. Legends are the only category of traditional literature that combines history and myth 14. Literature circles are most appropriate for small groups of children 15. According to Rosenblatt’s Transactional Reader Response theory, which stance should readersRead MoreThe Changing Face of Childrens Literature2610 Words   |  10 PagesChildren’s literature is always changing. It has evolved greatly over the generations. Children did not have their own stories in ancient times. Instead, they listened to oral storytellers who would recite stories I tended for adults to hear. Over time it became apparent that children needed there own stories. Moral stories and educational writing started to be written with children in mind. As printed books for children became more accessible, stories started to focus on entertaining children asRead MoreAnalysis Of The Heat Of World War II1581 Words   |  7 PagesVivian Lei Professor Berland, Professor Warner HSHM 202: Media and Medicine in Modern America 2 December 2013 Title In 1943, in the heat of World War II, Captain Theodor Geisel, commonly known today as Dr. Seuss, published This is Ann, a pamphlet warning of the perils of malaria’s mistress, the Anopholes mosquito. Disease, malaria in particular, proved to be the greatest cause of casualties in the army, even greater than those inflicted through enemy combat. Though initially aimed toward the militaryRead MoreCensorship Is Monitoring Or Withholding Information Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesa small discourse is critical to remain sane. Censorship is a way of protecting society from itself. Leaders and parental figures can make the choice to monitor what is read, watched, and consumed, but until the world lives the life worthy of a children’s’ book the effort is futile. While the narrative being taught may be inappropriate or harsher it doesn’t decrease the value of it. Arguments are shown throughout everyday life over every topic. The question isn’t, â€Å"When will society stop fightingRead More Anti-Japanese Propagnda of WW2 in America Essay3034 Words   |  13 Pagesanti-Japanese propaganda. From posters to leaflets, radio messages to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the public of the United States was constantly the center of attention for psychological warfare. Propaganda of the World War II period reflected the American people’s anti-Japanese sentiment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Twenty years after the conclusion of World War I, Germany, Italy, and Japan started an international aggression campaign that would eventually bring the United States into a second globalRead MoreEssay about Children’s Literature in Jamaica4155 Words   |  17 PagesChildren’s Literature in Jamaica As children in the United States, we grow up listening to the stories of Dr. Seuss and Curious George as we fall off to sleep to the sound of our parent’s voices echoing in our dreams. As we start to grow older and the poetry of Shel Silverstein’s, Where the Sidewalk Ends no longer holds our imagination as much as it did at eight years old, we begin to read stories that are a reflection of the environment we live within. We engaged ourselves in the lives of such

Advances in Data Storage Technology Free Essays

Advances in Data Storage Technology Contents I. Introduction3 II. Purpose of storage4 III. We will write a custom essay sample on Advances in Data Storage Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hierarchy of storage6 A. Primary storage6 B. Secondary storage7 C. Tertiary storage7 D. Off-line storage8 IV. Characteristics of storage9 A. Volatility9 B. Mutability9 C. Accessibility10 D. Addressability10 E. Capacity11 F. Performance11 G. Energy use11 V. Fundamental storage technologies12 A. Semiconductor12 B. Magnetic12 C. Optical13 D. Paper14 E. Uncommon14 VI. Related technologies17 A. Network connectivity17 B. Robotic storage17 References19 I. INTRODUCTION Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic computer model used since the 1940s. In contemporary usage, memory usually refers to a form of semiconductor storage known as random-access memory (RAM) and sometimes other forms of fast but temporary storage. Similarly, storage today more commonly refers to mass storage — optical discs, forms of magnetic storage like hard disk drives, and other types slower than RAM, but of a more permanent nature. Historically, memory and storage were respectively called main memory and secondary storage (or auxiliary storage). Auxiliary storage (or auxiliary memory units) was also used to represent memory which was not directly accessible by the CPU (secondary or tertiary storage). The terms internal memory and external memory are also used. II. Purpose of storage Many different forms of storage, based on various natural phenomena, have been invented. So far, no practical universal storage medium exists, and all forms of storage have some drawbacks. Therefore a computer system usually contains several kinds of storage, each with an individual purpose. A digital computer represents data using the binary numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any other form of information can be converted into a string of bits, or binary digits, each of which has a value of 1 or 0. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits. A piece of information can be handled by any computer whose storage space is large enough to accommodate the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply data. For example, using eight million bits, or about one megabyte, a typical computer could store a short novel. Traditionally the most important part of every computer is the central processing unit (CPU, or simply a processor), because it actually operates on data, performs any calculations, and controls all the other components. Without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result. It would have to be reconfigured to change its behavior. This is acceptable for devices such as desk calculators or simple digital signal processors. Von Neumann machines differ in that they have a memory in which they store their operating instructions and data. Such computers are more versatile in that they do not need to have their hardware reconfigured for each new program, but can simply be reprogrammed with new in-memory instructions; they also tend to be simpler to design, in that a relatively simple processor may keep state between successive computations to build up complex procedural results. Most modern computers are von Neumann machines. In practice, almost all computers use a variety of memory types, organized in a storage hierarchy around the CPU, as a trade-off between performance and cost. Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and the greater its access latency is from the CPU. This traditional division of storage to primary, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per bit. III. Hierarchy of storage A. Primary storage: Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. Historically, early computers used delay lines, Williams’s tubes, or rotating magnetic drums as primary storage. By 1954, those unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core memory. Core memory remained dominant until the 1970s, when advances in integrated circuit technology allowed semiconductor memory to become economically competitive. This led to modern random-access memory (RAM). It is small-sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular types of RAM used for primary storage are also volatile, i. e. they lose the information when not powered). As the RAM types used for primary storage are volatile (cleared at start up), a computer containing only such storage would not have a source to read instructions from, in order to start the computer. Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile secondary storage to RAM and start to execute it. A non-volatile technology used for this purpose is called ROM (Read-only memory). Recently, primary storage and secondary storage in some uses refer to what was historically called, respectively, secondary storage and tertiary storage. B. Secondary storage: Secondary storage (or external memory) differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Consequently, modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept for a longer time there. In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. Rotating optical storage devices, such as CD and DVD drives, have longer access times. Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are: flash memory (e. g. USB flash drives or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape, paper tape, punched cards, standalone RAM disks, and Iomega Zip drives. C. Tertiary storage: Tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into storage device according to the system’s demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archival of rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e. g. 5–60 seconds vs. 1-10 milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes. D. Off-line storage: Off-line storage is computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit. The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device, and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction. In modern personal computers, most secondary and tertiary storage media are also used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are most popular, and to much lesser extent removable hard disk drives. In enterprise uses, magnetic tape is predominant. Older examples are floppy disks, Zip disks, or punched cards. IV. Characteristics of storage Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. These core characteristics are volatility, mutability, accessibility, and addressability. For any particular implementation of any storage technology, the characteristics worth measuring are capacity and performance. A. Volatility: Non-volatile memory will retain the stored information even if it is not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Nowadays used for most of secondary, tertiary, and off-line storage. In 1950s and 1960s, it was also used for primary storage, in the form of magnetic core memory. Volatile memory requires constant power to maintain the stored information. The fastest memory technologies of today are volatile ones (not a universal rule). Since primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory. B. Mutability: Read/write storage or mutable storage allows information to be overwritten at any time. A computer without some amount of read/write storage for primary storage purposes would be useless for many tasks. Modern computers typically use read/write storage also for secondary storage. Read only storage retains the information stored at the time of manufacture, and write once storage (Write Once Read Many) allows the information to be written only once at some point after manufacture. These are called immutable storage. Immutable storage is used for tertiary and off-line storage. Examples include CD-ROM and CD-R. C. Accessibility: Random access any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in approximately the same amount of time. Such characteristic is well suited for primary and secondary storage. Sequential access the accessing of pieces of information will be in a serial order, one after the other; therefore the time to access a particular piece of information depends upon which piece of information was last accessed. Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage. D. Addressability: Location-addressable each individually accessible unit of information in storage is selected with its numerical memory address. In modern computers, location-addressable storage usually limits to primary storage, accessed internally by computer programs, since location-addressability is very efficient, but burdensome for humans. The underlying device is still location-addressable, but the operating system of a computer provides the file system abstraction to make the operation more understandable. In modern computers, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage use file systems. E. Capacity: Raw capacity the total amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold. It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes (e. g. 10. 4 megabytes). Memory storage density the compactness of stored information. It is the storage capacity of a medium divided with a unit of length, area or volume (e. g. 1. 2 megabytes per square inch). F. Performance: Latency the time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. It may make sense to separate read latency and write latency, and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency. G. Energy use: Storage devices that reduce fan usage, automatically shut-down during inactivity, and low power hard drives can reduce energy consumption 90 percent. 2. 5 inch hard disk drives often consume less power than larger ones. Low capacity solid-state drives have no moving parts and consume less power than hard disks. Also, memory may use more power than hard disks. V. Fundamental storage technologies As of 2008, the most commonly used data storage technologies are semiconductor, magnetic, and optical, while paper still sees some limited usage. Some other fundamental storage technologies have also been used in the past or are proposed for development. A. Semiconductor: Semiconductor memory uses semiconductor-based integrated circuits to store information. A semiconductor memory chip may contain millions of tiny transistors or capacitors. Volatile and non-volatile forms of semiconductor memory exist. In modern computers, primary storage almost exclusively consists of dynamic volatile semiconductor memory or dynamic random access memory. Since the turn of the century, a type of non-volatile semiconductor memory known as flash memory has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. Non-volatile semiconductor memory is also used for secondary storage in various advanced electronic devices and specialized computers. B. Magnetic: Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads which may contain one or more recording transducers. A read/write head only covers a part of the surface so that the head or medium or both must be moved relative to another in order to access data. In modern computers, magnetic storage will take these forms:  ¦ Magnetic disk  ¦ Floppy disk, used for off-line storage  ¦ Hard disk drive, used for secondary storage  ¦ Magnetic tape data storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage In early computers, magnetic storage was also used for primary storage in a form of magnetic drum, or core memory, core rope memory, thin-film memory, twister memory or bubble memory. Also unlike today, magnetic tape was often used for secondary storage. C. Optical: Optical storage, the typical optical disc, stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular disc and reads this information by illuminating the surface with a laser diode and observing the reflection. Optical disc storage is non-volatile. The deformities may be permanent (read only media), formed once (write once media) or reversible (recordable or read/write media). The following forms are currently in common use. CD, CD-ROM, DVD, BD-ROM: Read only storage, used for mass distribution of digital information (music, video, computer programs)  ¦ CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R: Write once storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage  ¦ CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE: Slow write, fast read storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage  ¦ Ultra Density Optical or UDO is similar in capacity to BD-R or BD-RE and is slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage Magneto-optical disc storage is optical disc storage where the magnetic state on a ferromagnetic surface stores information. The information is read optically and written by combining magnetic and optical methods. Magneto-optical disc storage is non-volatile, sequential access, slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage. D. Paper: Paper data storage, typically in the form of paper tape or punched cards, has long been used to store information for automatic processing, particularly before general-purpose computers existed. Information was recorded by punching holes into the paper or cardboard medium and was read mechanically (or later optically) to determine whether a particular location on the medium was solid or contained a hole. A few technologies allow people to make marks on paper that are easily read by machine—these are widely used for tabulating votes and grading standardized tests. Barcodes made it possible for any object that was to be sold or transported to have some computer readable information securely attached to it. E. Uncommon: Vacuum tube memory, a William’s tube used a cathode ray tube, and a Selectron tube used a large vacuum tube to store information. These primary storage devices were short-lived in the market, since Williams tube was unreliable and Selectron tube was expensive. Electro-acoustic memory also known as delay line memory used sound waves in a substance such as mercury to store information. Delay line memory was dynamic volatile, cycle sequential read/write storage, and was used for primary storage. Optical tape is a medium for optical storage generally consisting of a long and narrow strip of plastic onto which patterns can be written and from which the patterns can be read back. It shares some technologies with cinema film stock and optical discs, but is compatible with neither. The motivation behind developing this technology was the possibility of far greater storage capacities than either magnetic tape or optical discs. Phase-change memory uses different mechanical phases of Phase Change Material to store information in an X-Y addressable matrix, and reads the information by observing the varying electrical resistance of the material. Phase-change memory would be non-volatile, random access read/write storage, and might be used for primary, secondary and off-line storage. Most rewritable and many write once optical disks already use phase change material to store information. Holographic data storage stores information optically inside crystals or photopolymers. Holographic storage can utilize the whole volume of the storage medium, unlike optical disc storage which is limited to a small number of surface layers. Holographic storage would be non-volatile, sequential access, and either write once or read/write storage. It might be used for secondary and off-line storage. See Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD). Molecular memory stores information in polymer that can store electric charge. Molecular memory might be especially suited for primary storage. The theoretical storage capacity of molecular memory is 10 terabits per square inch. Data storage tag (DST), also sometimes known as an archival tag is a data logger that uses sensors to record data at predetermined intervals. Data storage tags usually have a large memory size and a long lifetime. Most archival tags are supported by batteries that allow the tag to record positions for several years. Alternatively some tags are solar powered and allow the scientist to set their own interval; this then allows data to be recorded for significantly longer than battery-only powered tags. Information repository is an easy way to deploy secondary tier of data storage that can comprise multiple, networked data storage technologies running on diverse operating systems, where data that no longer needs to be in primary storage is protected, classified according to captured metadata, processed, de-duplicated, and then purged, automatically, based on data service level objectives and requirements. In information repositories, data storage resources are virtualized as composite storage sets and operate as a federated environment. Information repositories were developed to mitigate problems arising from data proliferation and eliminate the need for separately deployed data storage solutions because of the concurrent deployment of diverse storage technologies running diverse operating systems. They feature centralized management for all deployed data storage resources. They are self-contained, support heterogeneous storage resources, support resource management to add, maintain, recycle, and terminate media, track of off-line media, and operate autonomously. VI. Related technologies A. Network connectivity: A secondary or tertiary storage may connect to a computer utilizing computer networks. This concept does not pertain to the primary storage, which is shared between multiple processors in a much lesser degree. Direct-attached storage (DAS) is a traditional mass storage that does not use any network. This is still a most popular approach. This term was coined lately, together with NAS and SAN. Network-attached storage (NAS) is mass storage attached to a computer which another computer can access at file level over a local area network, a private wide area network, or in the case of online file storage, over the Internet. NAS is commonly associated with the NFS and CIFS/SMB protocols. Storage area network (SAN) is a specialized network that provides other computers with storage capacity. The crucial difference between NAS and SAN is the former presents and manages file systems to client computers, whilst the latter provides access at block-addressing (raw) level, leaving it to attaching systems to manage data or file systems within the provided capacity. SAN is commonly associated with Fiber Channel networks. B. Robotic storage: Large quantities of individual magnetic tapes and optical or magneto-optical discs may be stored in robotic tertiary storage devices. In tape storage field they are known as tape libraries, and in optical storage field optical jukeboxes, or optical disk libraries per analogy. Smallest forms of either technology containing just one drive device are referred to as autoloaders or auto changers. Robotic-access storage devices may have a number of slots, each holding individual media, and usually one or more picking robots that traverse the slots and load media to built-in drives. The arrangement of the slots and picking devices affects erformance. Important characteristics of such storage are possible expansion options: adding slots, modules, drives, robots. Tape libraries may have from 10 to more than 100,000 slots, and provide terabytes or petabytes of near-line information. Optical jukeboxes are somewhat smaller solutions, up to 1,000 slots. Robotic storage is used for backups, and for high-capacity archives in imaging, medical, and video industries. Hierarchical storage management is a most known archiving strategy of automatically migrating long-unused files from fast hard disk storage to libraries or jukeboxes. If the files are needed, they are retrieved back to disk. References J. S. Vitter, Algorithms and Data Structures for External Memory. Series on Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science, now Publishers, Hanover, MA, 2008, ISBN 978-1-60198-106-6. National Communications System (1996). Federal Standard 1037C – Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms. Super Talent’s 2. 5†³ IDE Flash hard drive – The Tech Report – Page 13. (http://techreport. com/articles. x/10334/13) How to cite Advances in Data Storage Technology, Papers

Reflective journal Essay Example Essay Example

Reflective journal Essay Example Paper Boud Reflective journal Essay Introduction Boud (2001) explains that reflective journal writing helps a researcher not only write the findings of his research, but it also helps him/her connect with the research on diverse level. This paper reflects on the literature review findings concerning the impending factors of international mobility. It analyzes how the learning processes and experiences through the review relate to the business research, academic development, professional development and personal development. 2.0 Learning Experiences of Business Research According to Bolton (2005: 5) learning is the acquisition of new or modification of existing knowledge, preferences, values, skills and behaviors. This is mostly referred to as a process or an experience. This is because learning is continuous and it is acquired through theory and practice (Sunstein Chiseri-Strater, 2007:15). Learning is important as it enables the learner to acquire knowledge on how to handle real life situations whether it is in their personal li ves, social lives or professional lives. The learning discussed in this paper will not only reflect on the literature review, but it will also reflect on the research, language, process, design, sources and collection of data, data analysis, report writing and presentation, and the ethics parts of this business research. This learning enables one to analyze and understand the intended findings of the particular field (international mobility for this case) (Hume, 2009). 2.1 Learning Processes of Business Research During this research, I could not ignore the fact that it was not just a matter of acquiring information and analyzing it. Having the research question, knowing the right methods to use during the research, proper analysis and making a cohesive conclusion is the most important aspects of a research. Spalding and Wilson (2002) feel that it is crucial for the researcher to reflect on the situation at hand before embarking on it. Through the research, one identifies that there are areas that have more significance as compared to others. However, every stage should be taken into consideration. This enables the researcher to have strong and justifiable results and conclusions. Table 1 Most interesting topicsReason for ChoiceLanguage of business Collection of data Data Analysis Literature Review Reflective Journal Report Writing Chapter Most Difficult The Language This stage is the most interesting as the researcher picks up a hypothesis or hypotheses so that my research can be narrowed. In this case, it not just about globalization within the organization, but it has been narrowed down to international mobility. Although it can be challenging coming up with the specific questions to be answered, it is also interesting because it tests ones capability of being unique. This is the second most interesting part of the research as it involves a lot of interaction with the real world so that one can be able to collect first hand information. Although it has its o wn challenges, it gives me time to come with my own data. This topic allows one to analyze the data he/she has collected. It gives the researcher a chance to put what he/she leant in theory work to what they have collected (Otienoh, 2009: 479). Literature review enables the researcher to find out about the targeted research topic in accordance to what has been written about it (Warhurst, 2008). The interesting thing about this topic is that one has a chance of gathering as much information as they can about the research topic. It is like being in one room with all the professionals in the field of international mobility. This is a very interesting area as I am supposed to give a reflection of what I encountered through out the research. This includes the difficult areas and the interesting ones. This chapter enables me to give a comprehensive report about my journal. It tells of what cannot be told in the research itself. Although it is listed as an interesting area, the language ch apter is the most difficult. This is because I had to formulate the thesis statement or the hypotheses of the research. Having a wrong hypothesis may lead to a bad or ineffective research project Table indicates the areas that are most interesting to encounter (the table is a self generation) 2.2 Learning Processes of Business Research It is significant to appreciate that one cannot just decide to conduct a research with no knowledge of how to conduct it. This is how the class notes, self reading, and the class lectures play a major role. Through the literature review assignment, one not only reads about conducting a literature review, but he/she goes ahead and does a literature review on a business topic. Each topic of business research enables the researcher to understand its application to the research and how to achieve the most concrete results than one can come up (Mills, 2008). It is not enough to know the diverse topics in business research, but it is important that the rese archer knows how to apply each topic to the research process. 2.3 Learning Reasons of Business Research It is essential that I learn business research. Apart from it being examinable since it is part of the learning modules, it is significant to my future studies. Many business modules require the student to carry out research work in order to show that they have understood a particular module in a given learning period. This learning is also significant as it enables a student to understand other research works. Reflecting on these topics will enable me to understand complex research works that will be encountered in the future (Kalliath Goughlan, 2001: 62). In as far as research work is concerned; the topics offered are the foundation to the field of business researching. This foundation gives me an idea of what to encounter such a module in the upper years. It is up to me to do more self reading so that I may understand the topic in a deeper way and more clearly. 2.4 Learning Ex perience in Relation to Professional Development Sunstein and Chiseri-Strater (2007) indicate that research work should not only be a benefit to the one researching, but it also benefits other parties whether in that field of the topic being researched or in other fields. In as far as academic development is concerned; this reflective writing enables me to evaluate what I have learnt in this module and whether I can use it to develop others academically. As earlier mentioned, learning business research will enable me to develop better ways of conducting future complex researches in the academic years to come. This module offers a foundation in this field. Through this reflective writing, I am able to see that my skills and knowledge id gradually increasing. The previous mini-researches that I have conducted were just done without following a particular process. The process is now clearer. It is also good to appreciate the areas of merit and difficulty (Mills, 2008: 685). The areas o f literature review, collection of data and analyzing it, report writing, ethics in business, research design and research process do not pose such a major challenge to. However, the language area is highly challenging. This is due to the parts where one has to come up with variables or hypotheses. If the research is examinable, poorly developed hypotheses or variables may lead to poor marks. 2.5 Learning Experience in Relation to Professional Development Sunstein and Chiseri-Starater (2007: 38) are also confident that any research learning done in school plays a crucial role in an individual’s profession or career path. This learning and reflection will enable me to conduct research that is not only significant to my organization but also to my field of interest. The skills and knowledge given make the research work much easier as compared to having no knowledge at all. In the business field, there are those who specialize in researching on the different issues in the busine ss arena or affecting business. If I choose to specialize in research work, then this module is building my profession. As indicated earlier, the language topic of business research poses a challenge to me. However, by the time I am through with this course, through self reading and practice, I will have overcome this challenge. 2.6 Learning Experience in Relation to Personal Development Greiman and Covington (2007: 117) indicate that reflective writing enables me to understand my areas of improvement and those that need to be improved. Through these topics, I have been able to be more organized thus improving time management. I know when to come up with the hypotheses, review literature, collect data, and analyze it, amongst other steps. It is not only a matter of getting the work done, but also getting it done in the right way. There are areas of weaknesses such as coming up with new ideas faster than I already am. For example, it takes me time to come up with a good variable or h ypothesis thus the one ends up taking time meant for other steps. However, I am able to complete my work in time. This module has also enabled me to improve on my general time management. 3.0 Conclusion Such a reflection journal enables one to examine an area of study (Greiman Covington, 2007: 115). This reflection enables one to understand the reasons of studying this module as far as business research is concerned, knowing the areas of strengths and weaknesses and understanding its relationship to the academic, professional and personal aspects of a person. Knowing how to carry out a research and to carry it out in the right way is as significant as the research itself. The study is significant to what I will encounter within this course, in future academic works to be done and in my area of profession. Reflective journal Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!